Unit 7 Part 1 APUSH

Page 1: Toward Empire - History of US Foreign Policy (1789 to Civil War)

• Significant Developments: Key events shaped America’s foreign policy; established neutrality, isolationism, and border protection allowing for continental expansion in the 19th century.

Major Events

• Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

  • Declared US neutrality in the Anglo-French war.

• Washington’s Farewell Address (1796)

  • Warned against involvement in foreign affairs and permanent alliances.

• Louisiana Purchase (1803)

  • Acquired land from France, showcasing expansion and the need for border protection.

• Border Dispute Treaties:

  • Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817): Demilitarized the Great Lakes.

  • Treaty of 1818: Resolved the northern border with Canada.

  • Adams-Onís Treaty (1819): Gained Florida from Spain.

  • Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842): Resolved border disputes.

  • Treaty of 1846: Settled the Oregon boundary.

• Monroe Doctrine (1823)

  • Declared neutrality in European affairs; warned against European interference in the Western Hemisphere.

• Manifest Destiny (1840s-1850s)

  • Belief it was America’s right to expand across North America; led to the acquisition of Texas, Oregon, California, and Alaska.

Challenges to Expansion

• Civil War and Industrial Revolution: Temporarily halted expansion as European powers built empires globally; industrial growth and immigration later rejuvenated expansionist interests.

Page 2: Foreign Affairs in the Late Nineteenth Century

• Perry Expedition (1853-1854)

  • Commodore Perry opened Japanese ports to US trade. Treaty of Kanagawa signed, ending Japanese isolation and establishing trade relations.

• French in Mexico (1863-67):

  • Napoleon III occupied Mexico during the US Civil War, defying the Monroe Doctrine; US intervention led to French withdrawal.

• Alaska Purchase (1867):

  • Acquired from Russia for $7 million, initially criticized, later valued for resources.

Economic Factors

• Gold Discovery (1897): Highlighted economic changes, enabling currency inflation without abandoning the gold standard.

Pan-Americanism

• James G. Blaine’s Efforts:

  • Promoted better relations with Latin America. Established the Organization of American States after the first Pan-American Conference.

Venezuelan Boundary Dispute (1895-96)

• Conflict between Britain and Venezuela; US intervened, leading to Britain’s agreement to arbitration, marking a pivotal moment in US-British relations.

• Hawaii (1898):

  • Annexed after the 1893 overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani; related to economic interests and naval strategy.

Debate over Imperialism

• Support for Empire-Building:

  • Renewal of Monroe Doctrine commitment, national security concerns, economic needs, and resurgence of Manifest Destiny. Social Darwinism ideas also influenced views on imperialism.

• Arguments Against Imperialism:

  • Concerns over resource drains, hypocrisy of denying self-determination, and fear of increased militarism.

Page 3: The Spanish-American War

• Causes of the War: Amidst Cuban revolts and yellow journalism, heightened American sentiments against Spain.

Key Incidents

• USS Maine Sinking: Triggered war declarations amidst public outrage.

• Spanish-American Conflict (1898): Short war with significant US military successes.

Major Battles

• Philippine Theatre: US victories under Dewey led to quick Spanish surrender.

• Cuba: Key battles at Kettle Hill and San Juan Hill marked with high disease casualties.

Results and Impact

• Treaty of Paris (1898):

  • Cuba's independence recognized; US territorial acquisitions included Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines for $20 million.

• Philippine-American War (1899-1902): Resulted in a protracted struggle against American occupation, marked by brutality on both sides.

Page 4: Acquisition of Empire and Anti-Imperialism

• Anti-Imperialist League: Formed in opposition to Philippine annexation; lacked unified messaging and support.

Legal Precedents

• Insular Cases (1901-1904): "Did the Constitution follow the flag?" led to Supreme Court decisions that limited rights in annexed territories.

Global Recognition

• US recognized for naval strength post-war and increased foreign intervention.

Page 5: China and the Open Door Policy

• Fears of Exclusion: US aimed to prevent European monopolization of Chinese markets.

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

• Chinese nationalists rose against foreign influence; US intervention confirmed military interests in China.

Open Door Notes

• Hay’s First and Second Notes: Championed equal trading privileges in China, with subsequent commitments to safeguard China’s sovereignty.

Page 6: Emergence as a World Power

• Theodore Roosevelt’s “Big-Stick Diplomacy”: Assertive foreign policy to enhance US global standing.

Panama Canal

• Negotiating treaties to secure canal construction highlighted US assertiveness; facilitated regional control.

• Roosevelt Corollary: Reinforced the Monroe Doctrine with a policy of intervention in Latin America to manage regional debt crises.

Page 7: Japan and the Far East

• Russo-Japanese War (1904-05): US facilitation of peace negotiations signaled growing diplomatic clout.

• Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907) and Takahira Agreement (1908): Sought to maintain stability while addressing tensions with Japan.

Tariff and Trade Policies

• Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy aimed to replace European investments with American capital in Latin America and Asia.

Page 8: Woodrow Wilson and Moral Diplomacy

• Wilson's Approach: Aimed to rectify wrongs associated with imperialism, advocating for moral and ethical standards in foreign relations.

Notable Legislation

• Jones Act (1916) and Puerto Rico Act (1917): Extensions of rights to territories highlighted Wilson’s progressive stance.

Page 9: African Americans and Civil Rights

• Jim Crow Policies: Systemic repression following Reconstruction, leading to disenfranchisement and segregation during the Gilded Age.

Judicial Obstacles

• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) legitimized “separate but equal” policies, facilitating Jim Crow laws.

Page 10:Civil Rights Activism

• Challenges to Segregation: Movement leaders like W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington advocated for civil rights through different philosophies.

Formation of NAACP

• Organized in 1908 to combat racial discrimination and promote civil rights through legal avenues.

Page 11: Progressivism

• Reforms emerged from industrial and social struggles of the late 19th century, focusing on improving democracy and addressing social issues.

Diverse Reform Movements

• Comprised of middle-class, labor, and social activists aiming for political and economic change.

Page 12: The Progressive Presidents

• Theodore Roosevelt: Known for trust-busting, consumer protection, and environmental conservation, presenting a balanced approach to reform.

Key Legislative Achievements

• Regulation of Industry: Strengthening regulations on railroads and food safety.

Page 13: Wilsonian Progressivism

• Wilson aimed to break down economic monopolies and protect labor rights through progressive legislation like the Clayton Antitrust Act.

Expansion of Social Welfare

• Continued the fight for labor and women’s rights, culminating in the 19th Amendment.

Page 14: US Entry into World War I

• Preparedness and Public Sentiment: Rising calls for military readiness due to threats from Germany, culminating in mobilization efforts.

The War Mobilization Efforts

• Organized industry and labor participation, leading to economic and societal shifts.

Page 15: Post-War Tensions

• Red Summer (1919): Racial tensions erupted in violence post-war, illustrating societal fractures.

Page 16: Wilson’s Fourteen Points and Treaty of Versailles

• Proposal for a fair peace settlement aimed at preventing future conflicts, but faced substantial opposition domestically.

Battle for Ratification

• Resistance within the Senate regarding the League of Nations weakened Wilson’s position, leading to a return of isolationism post-election.