INTRODUCTION-TO-PHLEBOTOMY

Page 1: Introduction to Phlebotomy

• Safety in Phlebotomy

• Prepared by: Verniece Jean C. Claveria RMT

Page 2: Phlebotomy

• Definition and Overview of the practice of drawing blood.

Page 3: Modern Phlebotomy

• Used for:

  • Diagnosis and management of disease

  • Blood removal for transfusions

  • Therapeutic reasons (e.g., Polycythemia, Hemochromatosis)

Page 4: Blood Function

1. Supplies nutrients to tissues (O2, hormones, glucose)

2. Removes metabolic waste (CO2, urea, creatinine)

3. Provides defense (WBCs, antibodies)

4. Prevents blood loss (platelets, coagulation proteins)

Page 5: Blood Composition

• Formed Elements:

  • Plasma

  • Leukocytes (Buffy coat)

  • Platelets

  • Erythrocytes

• Composition Breakdown:

  • Formed elements (~45%)

  • Fluid component (~55%)

  • Water (~92%), Protein (~7%)

Page 6: Coagulation

• In vivo: Blood is fluid and clots protect injured vessels

• In vitro: Clotting may be due to poor technique or sample triggering

Page 7: Anti-coagulants

• Function: Remove calcium or neutralize thrombin

• Types: Whole blood, Plasma, and Serum

Page 8: Blood with Anticoagulant

• Clotting is prevented: mix thoroughly

• Components: Whole blood, Plasma (contains fibrinogen), Blood cells

Page 9: Blood without Anticoagulant

• Spontaneous clotting occurs

• Components: Serum (lacks fibrinogen), Clot, Blood cells

Page 10: Appearance of Blood

• Normal: Clear and yellow

• Abnormal:

  • Hemolyzed (pink/red)

  • Icteric (orange-yellow)

  • Lipemic (cloudy)

Page 11: Blood Collection Tubes

• Contain vacuum for drawing blood

• Universal color-coded stoppers indicate contents

• Expiration date present

Page 12: Tubes with No Anti-coagulant

• Description of components (Ca, Fibrin, Thrombin)

Page 13: Red-Top Tube

• No additive; activates clotting sequence

• Use for Serum and TDM

Page 14: Gold or Mottled-Red-Gray Top Tube

• Contains clot activator and gel

• Used for Serum separation

Page 15: Royal Blue-Top Tube

• Trace metal-free for specific analyses

  • Red: No additive = Serum

  • Purple: EDTA = Whole blood

  • Green: Heparin = Whole blood

Page 16: Tubes with Anticoagulant

• Description of components (Ca, Thrombin, Fibrinogen)

Page 17: Light Blue-Top Tube

• Contains Sodium Citrate; critical blood:anticoagulant ratio

• Use in coagulation studies

Page 18: Green-Top Tube

• Contains Heparin; inhibits thrombin formation

• Must be full and on ice if testing is delayed

Page 19: Purple-Top Tube

• Contains EDTA; used for hematology studies like CBC

Page 20: Grey-Top Tube

• Contains Potassium Oxalate and Sodium Fluoride

• Limited use, mainly for glucose testing

Page 21: Fibrin-Split Products Tube

• Light blue Tube with 2 yellow bands; causes immediate clotting

Page 22: Yellow-Top Tube

• Contains ACD for paternity testing and DNA

  • SPS for special blood cultures

Page 23: Type and Amount of Specimen

• Depends on test requirements

Page 24: Valid Test Results

• Require trained personnel and quality control

Page 25: Safety Practices

• Infection spread requires:

  1. Infectious substance

  2. Mode of transmission

  3. Susceptible host

Page 26: Modes of Transmission

• Parenteral methods

• Intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous, etc.

Page 27: Infection Control

• Goal: Stop the spread of infection

Page 28: Infection Control Methods

• Handwashing (15 seconds minimum)

• PPE requirements

Page 29: Infection Control Equipment

1. Gloves, lab coat, mask

2. Cleaning agents: alcohol, iodine, soap

3. Cotton balls, gauze

Page 30: Equipment

4. Bandage and tape

5. Sharps container for disposal

6. Tourniquets; guidelines for use

Page 31: Tourniquet Guidelines

• Do not leave on for longer than 1 minute

• Avoid vigorous hand clenching

Page 32: Tying on the Tourniquet

• Practical demonstration or description (not included)

Page 33: Needles

• Never reuse or recap needles

• Sizes for common use

Page 34: Needle Features

• Description of bevel, shaft, hub, sleeve

Page 35: Multi-sample Needle

• Used with syringe and vacutainer systems

Page 36 & 37: Butterfly Needle

• Used for small, fragile veins

• Increased risk of needle stick injury

Page 38: Tube Holder/Vacutainer Adapter

• Description of components

Page 39: Syringe Components

• Assembled syringe system, components described

Page 40: Labeling Blood Collection Tubes

• Black marker (waterproof) required

• Five items to include:

  1. Patient name

  2. ID number

  3. Date and time of draw

  4. Phlebotomist signature

Page 41: Vacutainer vs. Syringe

• Vacutainer is economical and quick; syringe offers control

Page 42: Patient Interaction

• Approach, communication, empathy

Page 43: Blood Drawing Technique

• Needle positioned at 15° angle for optimal venipuncture

Page 44: Order of Draw

• Correct sequence for filling tubes

Page 45: What is Phlebotomy?

• Definition and origin of the term

Page 46: Phlebotomy History

• Ancient practices and their purposes

Page 47: Historical Figures and Practices

• Hippocrates' influence and bloodletting methods

Page 48: Greek Artworks

• Artistic reflections of early medical practices

Page 49: Hippocrates on Health

• Balance in body humors theory

Page 50: Medieval Practices

• Role of barbers in bloodletting

Page 51: Phlebotomy in the 17th-18th Century

• Case of George Washington and the risks of excessive bloodletting

Page 52: Cupping Therapy

• Description of the method and its use

Page 53: Leeches in Treatment

• Historical use and modern resurgence in medicine

Page 54: Value of Leech Therapy

• Active components in leech saliva

Page 55: Current Phlebotomy Practices

• Purpose and methods used today

Page 56: Skills of a Competent Phlebotomist

• Manual dexterity, communication, organization

Page 57: Duties of a Phlebotomist

• Preparing, collecting, and transporting specimens

Page 58: Additional Duties of a Phlebotomist

• Prioritizing specimens and compliance with safety rules

Page 59: Patient Interaction and Care

• Role in patient experience and perception

Page 60: Recognizing Diversity

• Awareness of cultural differences in healthcare

Page 61: Benefits of Cultural Awareness

• Improved patient satisfaction and teamwork

Page 62: Key Factors for Diverse Healthcare

• Understanding beliefs and customs related to health

Page 63: Professionalism Definition

• Importance of professionalism in phlebotomy

Page 64: Characteristics of Professional Phlebotomists

• Self-confidence, integrity, compassion, motivation, dependability

Page 65: Importance of Self-Confidence

• Effects on perception and behavior

Page 66: Integrity in Healthcare

• Significance of honesty and consistency

Page 67: Compassion in Phlebotomy

• Understanding and responsiveness to patient needs

Page 68: Self-Motivation

• Taking initiative for patient care

Page 69: Dependability Importance

• Reliability in phlebotomy practice

Page 70: Ethical Behavior in Healthcare

• Adhering to a code of ethics and patient welfare

Page 71: Ethical Conduct and Patient Safety

• Following standards to protect patients

Page 72: Patients’ Rights

• Overview of rights regarding privacy and healthcare access

Page 73: The Patient Care Partnership

• Understanding patient expectations and rights

Page 74: Confidentiality in Healthcare

• Ethical obligation to protect patient information

Page 75: The Healthcare Setting

• Overview of healthcare delivery systems

Page 76: Levels of Medical Care

1. Primary care: routine medical care by primary providers

2. Secondary care: specialized care via referrals

3. Tertiary care: advanced specialized treatment

Page 77: Categories of Healthcare Facilities

• Ambulatory vs. Nonambulatory

Page 78: Ambulatory vs. Non-Ambulatory Services

• Describing services and patient stays

Page 79: Divisions in Clinical Laboratory

• Clinical Analysis and Anatomical & Surgical Pathology

Page 80: Clinical Laboratory Services

• Purpose and functions of clinical laboratories

Page 81: Organizational Structure in Laboratories

• Divisions for efficient, accurate testing

Page 82: Clinical Analysis Areas

• Overview of departments and functions

Page 83: Clinical Chemistry

• Common tests performed and automation in labs

Page 84: Panel Grouping in Clinical Chemistry

• Examples of metabolic panels and their components

Page 85: Clinical Hematology Overview

• Focus on blood and blood-related diseases

Page 86: Common Hematology Tests

• Examples and clinical significance

Page 87: Coagulation Studies

• Testing for blood clotting and anticoagulant therapy monitoring

Page 88: Clinical Serology and Immunology Definition

• Understanding serum and immune system testing

Page 89: Examples of Serology Tests

• Clinical significance and applications

Page 90: Urinalysis Overview

• Analysis of urine composition and significance

Page 91: Analysis Parameters in Urinalysis

• Factors affecting physical and chemical evaluations

Page 92: Clinical Microbiology Testing

• Role of microbiology in identifying infections

Page 93: Importance of Blood Banking

• Preparation and testing for transfusions

Page 94: Anatomic and Surgical Pathology Overview

• Role of pathology in diagnosing disease

Page 95: Histopathology vs. Cytology

• Clarifying the distinction between the two fields

Page 96: Laboratory Personnel Standards

• Overview of CLIA and personnel qualifications

Page 97: Laboratory Director Role

• Directing laboratory services for patient benefit

Page 98: Role of Technical Supervisors

• Oversight of laboratory sections

Page 99: Medical Technologist Duties

• Responsibilities in testing and reporting

Page 100: Phlebotomist Role

• Training, responsibilities, and certification process