Final exam: weeks 7-12

Week 7: street violence: assaults, robbery, & homicide (ch. 3)

Key terms:

• Aggravated assault: attack or attempted attack with a weapon, regardless of injury or one that results in serious injury
• Simple assault: attack without weapon resulting in no injury, minor injury or undetermined one needing less than 2 days of hospitalization
• Homicide: general terms of killing another
• Murder: specific legal category of criminal homicide
• Robbery: violent crime using of force to obtain goods, use of violence or threat
• Justifiable homicide: legally acceptable killings as they’re in defense of life/property
• Excusable homicides: accidental/unintentional killings that were not due to negligence
• Criminal homicides: willful killing of another
• First-degree murder: committed with premeditation and deliberation
• Premeditation: refers to knowledge and intention to kill
• Deliberation: implied killing was planned and thought out
• 2nd degree murder: less serious, bc there is no premeditation and are more spontaneous
• Felony murder: unintentional killing during felony
• Manslaughter: criminal homicides which responsibility is less than murder, bc premeditation and deliberation are absent and bc offender didn’t act with malice
• Facilitating hardware: weapon used to kill
• Symbolic interactionism: human behavior occurs in social situations & the meaning attached is an important element in understanding what takes place in a given event
• Instrumental murders: committed for future goals (robbery murders)
• Expressive murders: unplanned acts of anger
• Character contest: one actor (usually both) will try to establish dominance
• Victim precipitation: victims sometimes start the conflicts that end in their own death
• Confrontational homicides: altercations that evolve from verbal exchanged into physical
• Taylor paradigm: measured aggression by the extent to which subjects give shocks to planted confederated for wrong answer
• Disinhibiting: substances effect of loosening self-restraint
• Psychoactive effects of drugs: attempt to find a link between drugs and violence, no causal relationship
• Phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust): results in feelings of invulnerability, paranoia and unease which can result in aggression (no evidence to support)
• Addiction: progression behavior pattern having bio, psychological and sociological behavioral components. Attachment and subjective compulsion to use
• Controlled substance act: consolidating all previous laws into one designed to control prescription and illicit drugs (1970)
• Schedule I: drugs that have no accepted medical utility, high risk for abuse
• Schedule II: substances that have high risk of abuse, but some accepted medical purpose
• Anti-drug act: called for mandatory minimum sentences for the possession and distribution of drugs by the type weight
• War on drugs: strategy to up legal penalties for trafficking and possession of illegal drugs
• Capital punishment: punishment by death
• General deterrence argument: someone who is thinking of committed murder will refrain bc fear of death penalty
• Incapacitation argument: someone who has committed murder is put to death and therefore prevented from reoffending
• Retribution: argument that murderers should be executed because its deserved

Homicide and assault

• UCR only collects data on reported aggravated assaults
• Manslaughter can be voluntary or involuntary
• More aggravated assaults are reported
• Males, natives are youth have higher assault rates
• Units of analysis: offender, victim, circumstances
• Violence can have instrumental and expressive motives at once
• Females were more likely to kill family members and intimates opposite gender in private
• For every murder there are 50 nonfatal assaults

Alcohol and drugs

• Link between alcohol and IPV
• Higher alcohol consumption can have higher rates of violence
• Alcohol affects CNS and is a depressant and stimulant
• Many in jail have used drugs and were under the influence during their crime
• Lower connections between violence crime and drugs
• 3 ways drugs may be related to violence: 1) from the psychoactive effects, 2) trying to support an addiction, 3) from the illegal sale of drugs
• Violence can depend on the social context they are taken

Assault

• Level one: assault (highest)
• Level two: assault with a weapon causing bodily harm (middle)
• Level three: aggravated assault, assaulting a peace officer (lowest)

Robbery

• Types: Commercial robbery (stores and businesses), highway robbery (carjacking), street robbery (mugging), strong-armed robbery (force, using weapon), drug-related robbery, home invasion
• Drop during covid
• Threats of $5000 and under is most common
• Ontatio has the most, Yukon the least
• 19% of robberies are committed by women

Types of robbers

• Pros- large groups
• Opportunities– look for vulnerable targets
• Addicts– to support habits
• Alcoholics– random, not planned, likely to be caught

Hate crimes

• 4 offenses listed asd hate propaganda and hate crimes: Avocating genocide, Hate in public place that leads to people joining, Directed against an identifiable group, Mischief motivated by hate in relation to property primarily used for religious worship
• Rising in canada (1/5 or 7 are charged) (covid made it worse)
• Highest in PEI, increases all around
• Motivations: race/ethnicity, religion, sex/gender, sexual orientation
• Motivations of race/ethnicity: black and indigenous ppl
• Motivations by religion: jewish, catholics
• People accursed are often men and boys (middle aged)
• Almost half of those who committed one has prior police contact

Homicides

• Culpable homicide: murder manslaughter, infanticide
• Non-culbable: suicide, death by criminal negligence, accidental or justified homicide)
• Infanticide: killing an infant
• Thunder bay is highest
• Is gendered, male 18+
• Tends to be intra-racial and intra-class (withIN these groups)
• Victims are mostly male, over 18, knew the killer, females are more likely to be killed by a husband or lover

Week 8: serial, mass and spree killing (ch. 4)

Key terms

• Bump stocks: allows for a weapon to fire at the rate of a auto
• Multicide: killing of more than one person
• BTK killer: bind, torture, kill; Dennis Rader, serial killer in Kansas. Killed 10+ over 30 years starting in 1974
• Serial murderers: one who kills on 3 occasions with cooling off period
• Signatures: serial killers leave behind identifiers
• Hedonistic lust killer: effort to obtain sexual pleasure from the killing. Derives sexual satisfaction from from killing, having sex with the corpse, or cutting off sex organs
• Thrill killer: may get sexual satisfaction from killings, need a live victim for it. Pleasure from torturing, dominating, terrorizing and humiliating
• Comfort killer: murder for creature comfort, financial gain
• Power/control killers: kill to obtain domination and total control.
• Mission killers: mission to rid the world of a group they see as inferior
• Visionary killers: rare bc they suffer from psychosis
• Homicidal triad: bedwetting past appropriate age, cruelty to animals, fire setting
• Spree murder: multiple victims, different locations, no cooling off period (least common)
• Mass murder: taken place when someone kills 4+ in one location at one time
• Semi-auto weapons: fires more rounds than other firearms, 80% of handgun killings
• Self-protection argument: private citizens have weapons in their homes or carry them, they think they’re less likely to be targeted
• Defensive gun use: self-protective behaviour with guns
• Linkage blindness: law enforcements inability to link homicides to serial pattern

Serial murder

• Most common factors: kill alone, previous criminal record
• Make rational choices on targets, cunning, deceitful, street smart, aware of right and wrong, commonly have a personality disorder
• Not highly education, not professional job
• Cooling off period can be weeks or months
• 11% of serial killers are women
• Stevent Eggers list of characteristics of serial killers
  • No relationship with victim and attacker, killings are different times and locations, motive is usually for dominance, victims have little symbolic value
• Tend to be male and which
• Target strangers to prevent detection, dehumanize victims, kill those who are vulnerable
• Histories of abuse and neglect
  • Social learning theory, general strain theory
• Cody Lgebokoff killed 4 on highway of tears
• Russel Williams, former colonel of CAD armed forces, broke into homes to steal underwear, then SA then rape and murder. Keeping his pension of $60,000 rn
• Clifford Olsen, psychopath, killed 11 kids/teens
• Bruce McAurthur, killed gay men of color
• Elizabeth Tracy Mae Wetterlaufer killed elderly women

Spree murder

• Short, no plan, victims at wrong place wrong time, stopped when captured or killed
• Least common
• In CA: 2020 Nova Scotia, northern BC, Danforth shooting

Mass murder

• Take life after or killed by cops
• Frustration aggression theory, feeling of injustice, history of complaints against them
• In the workplace: women were more often killed by intimates/relatives, male will most commonly murdered by robber
• Can last for hours
• Creates a sense of vulnerability
• Increase since covid
• Montreal Massacre in 1989, killing feminists, killed himself afer
• Calgary mass shooting at a house party, claimed NCR
• Quebec city mosque
• Toronto van attack, 2018

Nova scotia mass shooting doc- 13 deadly hours

• Man wore police uniform
• Resulted in 20+ homicides
• Largest mass shooting in canadian history
• Suicide by cop in shootout

Guns and violence

• Handguns are most commonly used
• ⅓ male victims of violent crimes faced an armed offender, 1/5 women
• African americans and natives are at higher risk, same with youth, lower class, those in households making less than $7500 are more at risk
• Availability of a gun increases likelihood of death by 3x
• Robberies and assault are 3-5x more likely to result in homicide with gun present
• Higher gun availability leads to more crime

Week 9: gang violence (non textbook)

Key terms

• Defensive localism: protecting your territory, status quo, turf
• Organized gang: usually family based (career criminals) where the leader is not often involved. Operates more on ethnicity and emotion doesn't get in the way
• Street gang: often younger members (women too) spreading across race and ethnicity, impulsive, random violence/crimes
• Strain theory: contends that blocked/frustration needs/desires can result in violence
• Economic deprivation: feeling like you are being deprived of something essential
• Moral disengagement theory: we selectively disengage in moral prohibitions against negative behaviour to avoid seeing self as bad
• Routine activities theory: crime occurs when there's a motivated offender, suitable target, absence of a capable guardian. Includes the routine activities of offender & victim.
• Selection (kind of person) model: suggests youth are at high risk of delinquency are drawn to and recruited into gangs, this person will display high rates of delinquency before, during and after the gang
• Facilitation model: something about the gang fosters the criminal behaviour
• Enhancement/mixed model: individuals with elevated criminal propensity select into gangs, which in turn correspond to even greater criminal involvement while in a gang
• Social disorganization theory: communities with high population turnover rates, diverse populations, and poverty are most likely to experience high levels of crime
• Social ecology: considers interplay between person, relationship, community and societal factors
• Interstitial group: formed spontaneously, and then integrated through conflict

History of gangs

• Since 14/15th cent in Europe
• Array of economic and ethnic backgrounds
• Little attention during depression and WW2, intensified after

Discourse of gangs in Western societies is associated with

• Migration, urbanization, legislation and poverty

Chicago and study of gangs in 1930s

• Chicago school, first place of criminological scholars
• Massive AA migration bc lynch mob in the south and search for non-farm work
  • This led to job competition and therefore violence from white gangs

Why join?

• Protection, money, acceptance, status, family, recruited in

Similarities and differences of gangs from a historical context

• Similarities: social exclusion, economic marginality, law enforcement, geography, defensive localism
• Differences: primacy of race over ethnicity, political ties, opportunity to assimilate

Defining a gang

• Social scientists: Group that is perceived as a distinct aggregation by others in the neighborhood recognise self as a denotable group, involved in lots of illegal incidents to call forth a consistent negative responses from residents and/or enforcement
• Criminal justice: group committing anti-social behavior, rely on group intimidation and violence/criminal actual to gain power
• Public stereotype: gender (aggressive male), age (teens), class (lower), ethnic minority, involvement in criminal activities (illicit drug trafficking), violence, dangerous

Linking gangs to crime

• Gangs have higher levels of crime, disproportionate violence, more likely to be more involved in serious crimes

White youth gangs

• Have been around longer, but upheld in racial order
• More about defending their turf
• Those supporting the gang didn't support their criminal behavior, but overlooked it bc they kept black people away
• Sometime ward politicians paid for a gang clubhouse

Black youth gangs– 1880-1940

• Black youth gangs were not a social problem until migration in 1910s
• Small number of gangs
• Ethnic mixing was more common than racial
• Black on black game warfare was endemic to the public housing construction in slum neighborhoods
• Gang fighting become more interracial in 1960s
• Looking for protection in gangs

Week 10: violence and intersections of gender

Key terms

• Role convergence: adaptation of role of women to more closely resemble that of men
• Feminization of poverty: increase in number of poor female single parents, leads to increased marginalization
• Chivalry hypothesis: CJS was mainly men, therefore women would be let go and treated more lightly
• Evil woman syndrome: women that behaves in ways that were less “feminine” were more likely to be arrested and judged more harshly
• Endomorph: softer, rounder body with curves
• Mesomorph: moderately sized, muscular
• Ectomorph: long, lean, minimal muscle
• Safety work: womens unseen and unacknowledged labor to avoid, prevent, or manage intrusion (avoiding routes, how we walk, look, etc)
• Cyber-misogyny: diverse forms of gendered hatred, harassment and abusive behavior directed toward women online (revenge porn, blackmail, cyber stalking, etc)
• Intersectionality: explicitly recognizes the complexity of women's lives and ways they are shaped by gender and other systems of power (class, race)

Gender and crime

• Women are more likely to be caught up in property crimes and men violent crimes
• Gender is the single best predictor of criminality
• Men account for 80% of those accused in criminal offense
• Shoplifting and prostitution are the only area of parity between gender
• Rates of homicide for men to women are consistently at 90:10 over 1966-2008
• Social-psychological explanation
  • Men kill for control, women have a loss of it
  • Women are more controlled in expressions and anger
  • Women common homicide when driven over the edge

How female violence has changed between the 1960s and 1990s?

• Rates have not increased, women are just getting more attention
• Women can manage their own priorities, leads to stress then drinking, drugs
• They’re financially independent
• 5 ways
  • 90s women, were less likely to act on their own, more likely to use guns, more motivated for money and drugs, more likely to report an incarcerated family member

Girls and gangland

• 2 murders of young women in BC in 2009 brought attention to female gangs in CA
• 6% of gang members in CA are female

Mainstream view of female criminality

• Arguments to explain it: cultural factors, early socialization, role, reluctant to arrest women, biological propensity toward crime/aggression among men is lacking in women

Feminist criminology

• Criminological theory assume a woman is like a man
• Most theories predate gender equality

Adler and Simon feminist scholarship

• Differences are bc socialization rather than biological
• Claim women taught to believe in personal limitations, face reduced socio-economic opportunities and suffer from lower aspirations

Kathleen Daly & Meda Chesney-Lind

• 5 key elements to feminist thought: 1) gender is a complex social, historical and cultural product, 2) gender and gender relations order social life and institutions, 3) constructs of masculinity and femininity are not the same, but based on organizing principles of men's superiority and socio-and-political-economic dominance over women, 4) systems knowledge reflects mens views of the natural and social world, 5) women should be at the center, not periphery of intellectual inquiry

Violence against women in Canada: what the data says

• Indigenous women are 5.5x more likely to be murdered and victimized
• Females are victims in more than 8/10 SA
• CA a 5th of female uni ppl said they were victims of acquaintance rape

Factors of SA

• Motives are domination and humiliation
• Brutalization effect, overly macho frats, participation in athletics
• 9% lower in 2019, 5 years of increases

Debunking myths about rapists

• It is learned behavior
• Product of sexual desires and needs out of anger, power and sexuality

#metoo movement

• Oct 2017 was a peak of reporting, dropping since
• 1/5 cases are unfounded or baseless
• Only 2-8% of accusations are false

Week 11: violence and intersections of race

Key terms

• Intergenerational trauma: effects of trauma are passed down between generations
• Street culture: informal rules governing interpersonal public behavior, including violence

Bridging the cultural divide: royal commission on aboriginal peoples study on criminal law

• Canada is based on adversarial system, indigenous is restorative justice

Differences in canadian local press- feminist media studies

• Indigenous women are not reported as much– reporting what sells
  • But they’re overrepresented in jails and stats
• May investigate the victim and assume drugs, alcohol, criminal record, sex worker, not enough evidence, ran way
• Disparity in pictures used for reporting smiling family picture vs mugshot or poor quality pic

MMIWG in Canada

• Make up 4% of female pop, yet 16% of female homicides
• 5x more likely to be killed
• Harper says it is “not a sociological phenomenon” but individual crimes
• 2.8/10 police involved in corruption/don't do job properly
• Didn’t follow protocols, no amber alerts
• Indigenous female homicides are consistent
• Risk of indigenous women being victims is higher in west

Legacy of colonialism, racism, and sexualization of women in canada

• Residential schools, 1880-1990s took about 150, 000
• Millennium scoop/60s scoop took 16,000

Legacies and experiences of indigenous women

• Stereotypes, life expectancies, crowding in home, unemployment, living below poverty line

Code of the streets – reading

• Code is a cultural adaptation to a profound lack of faith in the police and judicial system
• Decent-family committed to middle-class values spawned oppositional culture of the streets who are opposed to mainstream society
• Street parents may aggressively socialize their kids in a normative way
• Manhood in the inner city means taking the privileges of men with respect to strangers
  • Implied physicality and ruthlessness, manifest the nerve (making the first move)
• Essential link between manhood and self-esteem, hard to say what is primary
• Youngsters accept nonviolence and talk as confrontational strategies. But "if the deal goes down," self-defense is greatly encouraged

“Newsworthy” Victims? – reading

• More than 500 has gone gone missing/murdered since 1980
• Subjected to institutional and everyday racism
• Who/what is newsworthy is filtered through a Western, White, heteronormative, middle-class, male lens
• Events “close by” will be more newsworthy than events “far away.”
• News stories exaggerate the risks of violent crimes faced by high-status White women
• Poor/racialized victims are often depicted in the news as more blameworthy for their victimization
• In news media, male offenders are guilty to the extent their female victims are innocent.
• Articles about Aboriginal women emphasized spirituality/communities as a place of solace, depicted more as something they do to get through their grief over their missing daughters
• Indigenous women seen as a “squaw”, stigmatized as “uncivilized” and incapable of “rescue” by Christianity

Chapter 11: genocide

Key terms

• Armenian genocide: 1914 in Turkey, 11million Armeninans killed. Turk gov denies it
• Bigoted perps: those with prejudices against populations being targeted. These hatreds are often deeply rooted in history
• Bureaucratic perps: those in gov structures who play a crucial role in planning and implementing genocide policies, their admin carries it out
• Career perp: become perps to advance their career through participation
• Comradery perps: take part to not let anyone down
• Disciplined perps: participate to conform in the institutional setting where obeying is the norm and disobedience is punished
• Fearful perps: helping bc fear of being hurt/killed
• Ideological perps: true believers who find justification for their participation
• Materialistic perps: those who try and profit from genocide
• Violent perps: those who enjoy perpetrating violence, some who participate in genocide can be classified as sadistic or psychopathic
• Collective political violence: violence carried out by state or government
• Cultural genocide (ethnocide): those targeted are not subjected to physical violence, but their culture is (language, traditions, etc)
• Despotic genocides: situations where gov uses genocide against rivals for political power
• Developmental genocides: targeted groups that are seen as “in the way” of colonization
• Ethnic cleansing: eliminating ethnic/religious groups through deportation, forced displacement, mass murder, threats. Intent of creating homogeneity
• Forced assimilation: taking kids away from families and destroying their culture
• Genocide: Killing of a race/tribe/pop; from Greek genos (means race/tribe) & Latin cide (means killing). Originally meant to bring attention to atrocities perpetrated by Nazis.
• Genocide by attrition: slower more indirect approach, malnutrition and disease
• Genocide in Dafur (Sudan): took up arms against the gov, they unleashed Arab militias, who killed 400,000+ people and displaced 2,500,000+.
• Human rights violation: act the violates fundamental rights to which a person is entitled
• Hutu: population that controlled Rwanda gov and insisted genocide in 1990s
• Ideological genocide: attempted destruction of pop due to beliefs
• Khmer Rouge: Cambodian communist group who made “democratic society” & in 4 yrs, starved, beat, worked to death, tortured, and murdered 1-2 million of its own citizens.
• Middleman minority groups: Intermediaries between producers & consumers in society; their role alienates them from the mainstream society
• Retributive genocides: One group against another in a struggle for political & social power
• Rwandan genocide: Retributive genocide where Hutu gov instigated genocide against Tutsis, because the Hutus were trying to maintain power during a civil war
• Totalitarian: Govs where all power is centralized in the state and its leaders, who demand absolute obedience
• Tutsi: Rwandan minority, ~1mil Tutsi were murdered during the genocide in 1994
• Universe of obligation: feelings of isolation are heightened in war, gov may feel a threat to use a scapegoat to be blamed for all problems/misfortunes
• Utopia: Any vision of a perfect and unattainable society
• War crimes: Int. law –Often difficult to determine classification because of overlap; generally, torture and medical experimentation are considered war crimes

Week 6: Homicide

• Homicide: Directly or indirectly cause death of another human

Week 7: multiple murder

• Homicidal triad: bed-wetting past appropriate age, cruelty to animals, fire settings (at least ⅔)

Week 8: gangs

Organized vs street gang (short answer on final??)

• Organized
  • Leader distances themselves from the crime
  • Able to venture into criminal and non criminal entities
  • Emotion doesn't get in the way of business
  • Family based, older people
  • Operates more around ethnicity
  • Career criminal
• Street gang
  • Leader may be involved
  • More in street activities
  • More likely to engage in random violent crimes
  • More impulsive
  • Typically younger
  • Diverse across race and ethnicity
  • More organized across younger people
  • More likely to include female

Why join a gang?

• Protection, money, acceptance, status, family (carried down, socialized into it), recruited in
• Cultural phenomenon that carried over with migration

Theories that can explain gang violence (short answer on exam)

• Strain theory
• Social learning theory
• Economic deprivation
• Moral disengagement theory
• Routine activities theory
• Concepts
  • Group think, justifiable homicides, righteous slaughter

Week 9: intersections of gender and violence

How female violence changed between the 1960s and 1990s?

• The rates haven't actually increased, but women get more attention now
• Women have more opportunities outside of the home, therefore more opportunity for crime
• Managing priorities→ stress→ drinking, drugs
• Financially independent→ can buy what you want
• 5 ways
  • In the 90s, women were less likely to act on their own
  • 90s women were more likely to use guns
  • 90s women were more motivated for money, drugs
  • 90s women were more likely to report a family member who has been incarcerated
    • Economics- poor area, gangs, unemployment
    • Social learning theory
  • Female offenders in the 90s were less likely to have been arrested before 21
    • Chivalry hypothesis: CJS was mainly men, would let women go
    • Evil woman syndrome: women who behaved in ways that aren't ‘feminine’ were more likely to be arrested (promiscuous, way of dressing, actions)
• Revictimization: being a victim again

Week 10: intersections of race and violence

Reading on differences in canadian local press (final exam) – feminist media studies

• Not reported as much in mainstream media – they report what will sell
  • But they’re overrepresented in crime stats and jails
• Police are sometimes involved– their complicity in the crime
  • Role of the justice system
• Lack of police involvement
• They may investigate the victim (use of drugs, alcohol, criminal record, sex workers), not enough evidence, they probably ran away
  • Stigmatizing, generalizing them
• The pictures of the white women are smiling, or a picture of family (to generate sympathy) for indigenous ppl it might be a mugshot looking picture, or poor quality picture

Final exam questions

Gang violence

• 2 gangs fighting for turf, over lucrative and drug trade. What kind of violence?
  • Instrumental
• ⅔ factors that appear, the homicidal triad?
  • Bed wetting past appropriate age, fire setting, cruelty to animals
• Characteristics of serial killers
  • Kill alone, in different geographical areas, cooling off period
• No matter ethnicity/race of group, the gang has performed a number of important community functions which can be subsumed under the rubric of…
  • Defensive localism
• Gang homicides are more than non gang homicides to take place in ___ and involve ___
  • Public, firearm
    • More likely to have more perps
• Discourse of gangs in many western societies has been historically been associated with 4 themes
  • Migration, urbanization, legalization and poverty

Intersections of gender and violence

• Adler and Simon used this to explain differences in crime rates between men and women
  • Socialization
• Factors that contributed to changing nature and extent of gangs and gang violence in recent decades
  • Selection model, drugs and the change in the market, access to guns, drive by shootings
• SA on college campuses on NA studies found most victims do not know their assailant which suggests stranger danger is become more of a public safety concern
  • False
• ___ was a practice normalized by uni admin. Viewed as boys being boys, groups stormed womens dorms, and they had to turn over a piece of intimate apparel. May turn violent or into
  • Panty raids

Street violence

• The 1st developmental stage of many homicidal transactions suggests that the victim will do something offensive to the eventual murderer and marks the opening round of a series of interactions that Lukenbill describes as…
  • Character contest, masculinity
• ___ is defined as a crime of violence, involving the use of force to obtain money or goods
  • Robbery
• In 2021, police reported hate crimes, by motivation, fell under…
  • Race and ethnicity

Multiple murder?

• Historically homicide rates in canada in recent years are higher in
  • Western regions
    • Higher indigenous pop
• ___ serial killers are rare bc they suffer from psychosis: frequently perceive voices/images that command to kill
  • Visionary serial killers

Intersections of race and violence

• People in the subculture of fang, expected to respond to incidents that mid class ppl may see as trivial to be sure they are not dissed in front of peers. According to Elijah Anderson.
  • Code of the streets
• Article newsworthy victims, argues that simultaneous devaluation of indigenous womanhood and idealization of middle, class white womanhood helps perpetuate broader inequalities that reproduce racism, classism, sexism and ____
  • Colonialism

Genocide

• In the doc, ppl engaged in horrific acts of violence against others. One said it was like a cloud that came over people. This term/concert on the week from collective violence could easily be applied
  • Moral disengagement
    • Mob mentality, deindividuation