APWH Midterm Review

1.1 Developments in East Asia:

How did states GAIN and MAINTAIN power?

1. Religion + Beliefs

2. Innovation + Exchange 

3. Trade

Song Dynasty:

960 CE- The Song Dynasty replaced the Tang Dynasty

Key Ideas:

• Known for emphasizing education, industry, and government

• Continued use of the Civil Service Exam

  • Song expanded the usage of the exam by creating a huge bureaucracy (a system in which appointed officials run the government)

  • Since 221 BCE the bureaucracy continued to strengthen

    • Meritocracy: positions awarded based on merit

  • The bureaucracy grew so large that it weakened the dynasty  

Neo-Confucianism 

• Evolved 770 + 840 CE

• New syncretic faith

• Confucianism, Buddhism, + Daoism

Scholar Gentry gains power while inherited land-owning Aristocracy slowly lose power to educated

• Helped Song maintain power

• Women status declined

  • Foot binding

  • Legal rights limited

  • Prohibited to remarry

Commercialization of the economy (sold surplus of goods → $$$)

• Paper money, lines of credit

• Agriculture, infrastructure, trade, and technology were promoted

• Led to prosperity and population growth

Had the greatest manufacturing capability in the world

• Steel + Iron

• Porcelain

• Silk

• Tea

• Gunpowder

• Paper money

Innovations in Agriculture

• Champa Rice: A faster growing rice, drought resistant, can be grown on hill slope

• Allows doubling of crops

• Increases population 

Innovations in Transportation

• Grand canal

• Ship building

• Improved: 

  • Navy 

  • Magnetic compass

  • Navigational charts

  • Watertight bulkheads

• Strong Military

Tributary States

A country that is subordinate to a more powerful neighbor 

• Japan

• Korea

• Vietnam

Japan

Heian (794-1185)

• First novel

• 1 emperor 

• Shinto

• Daimyo rose in power

Koreas

Silla Dynasty: Korean kings that prevented Chinese conquest of peninsula, Korea will be a tributary state of China

Song Dynasty Ends

Mongols: Emerged from unification of several Turkish nomadic tribes under the leadership of Genghis Khan (1162-1227)

1.3 Developments in South and Southeast Asia (1200-1450)

Indian Ocean Trade

Monsoon Winds

• Made Indian Ocean Trade possible

• Winds blew eastward in the summer and westward in the winter

• Understanding the winds + shipbuilding = increase in trade

• Sea version of the silk roads

• Until the discovery of the new world it was the largest sea based system of communication and exchange 

• Southern china to eastern africa

• Cheaper way to transfer goods

Sea Roads as Catalysts for Change

• Oceanic commerce transformed all its participants 

• Trade stimulated political change

• As a result, they experienced cultural changes

• New states developed from wealth from the trade

1.5 State Building in Africa

How and why do states develop overtime?

Historical Developments

• Continuity 

• Innovation

• Diversity

Great Zimbabwe

• 12-15th centuries

• A medieval city in the south-eastern hills of Zimbabwe

• A capital city with huge stone wall surrounding

• Traded gold with swahili city states, Persia, and China

• Agriculture, trade, and gold

Ethiopia

• Christian island

• Protected by mountainous geography

• Distance from muslim powers

• Prospered by trading goods from India, Arabia, and Roman Empire

West African Civilizations

• Ghana (300-1000s)

• Mali (1200s-1332)

• Songhai (1400s-1580s)

  • Trans-Saharan Trade

    • Was infrequent until 3rd century

    • Camels

  • Gold for salt trade

    • Scarcity of salt and abundance of gold = cause of salt-gold trade

Timbuktu rises as a center of trade and learning

Islam diffuses into religion

The Hausa Kingdom (at 1000)

• 7 states formed by Hausa ethnic group

• City states loosely connected through kinship ties

  • Result → frequently subject to foreign domination

• No access to seas, but engaged in the Trans-Saharan trade network

  • Missionaries introduce Islam in the 14th century