APUSH: Period 3

Mercantilism

• Economic philosophy where government controls all trade

• Government sets prices, not merchants or farmers

• Britain wanted to increase exports and export more than they imported

• Navigation Acts were implemented (Oppression)

  • All British goods had to sail on British ships

    • Arguments over ships/shipping rights

  • Enumerated goods (tobacco, indigo, sugar, etc)

    • taxed

French and Indian War

• Also known as the Seven Years War

• Competing claims of Ohio Valley

  • Fight against significant rivers and Natives to trade with

  • Mississippi River access

• France and Britain tries to ally with Indians

  • Indians choose the French as they treated them better than the British

• George Washington

  • First attempts at leadership ends in failure

• Ended by Treaty of Paris

  • Gave United States territory

  • Pontiac’s Rebellion

Albany Plan of Union (1754)

• Benjamin Franklin’s plan to place the thirteen colonies under a more centralized government

• Plan was rejected

  • colonies wanted to maintain individual rights

1763

• Treaty of Paris (1763)

  • Ended French and Indian war

  • British won France’s North American possessions

    • Mississippi river

  • Native resistance

    • Chief Pontiac(Pontiac’s Rebellion)

      • Attacked colonial outposts

• Proclamation of 1763

  • Did not allow colonists to settle west of the Appalachian mountains

  • Used to prevent conflicts between Natives and colonists

  • Angered colonists as they believed they were robbed of their reward and more land to farm on

Regulation of the Colonies

• Initial Acts

  • Sugar Act(1764)

    • Tax for revenue

    • Insufficient, cost more to regulate

  • Stamp Act (1765)

    • First direct tax for revenue

  • Quartering Act (1765)

    • Forced colonists to have to feed and house British soldiers

    • Mainly in NYC

    • Colonists did not want to compete for jobs

  • Townshend Acts (1767)

    • Tax used to pay Royal governors

    • Taxed tea

  • Coercive Acts

    • Also known as the intolerable acts

    • Used as punishment for the Boston Tea Party

    • Isolated Boston

      • Closed harbor to all but essential trade

      • MA was ready to fight

    • Led to First Continental congress

      • King did not respond

Propaganda

• Boston Tea Party

  • Colonists threw rock-filled snowballs at a group of soldiers

  • Five people were killed

  • Exaggerated through propaganda

• Common Sense

  • Written by Thomas Paine

  • Helped swing support for the patriot cause

The Revolutionary War

• Colonial loyalty

  • ⅓ of the colonists were Patriots

  • ⅓ were loyalists

  • ⅓ were neutral

  • ⅔ of the American people did not want war

• Lexington and Concord

• Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)

  • American loss, but British had 3 times the amount of casualties

  • Forced colonists to declare a side

  • Olive Branch Petition

    • Last attempt to avoid war

    • King did not respond

• Declaration of Independence

  • Marked the breakage from the British rule and meant no return for the colonists

  • Listed grievances as well as American ideals and freedoms

• The Military

  • Continental army

    • Led by George Washington

    • Was extremely unorganized and untrained

    • Militiamen consisted of poor farmers

    • Had no financial backing

  • British army

    • Could pay for German mercenaries (Hessians)

    • Held support of American loyalists

    • Teamed up with Native Americans

• Crossing the Delaware

  • Washington’s troops surprised Hessians in Trenton, NJ

  • Helped boost morale

• 1777

  • Burgoyne loses at Saratoga

    • Major turning point

      • Secures French involvement

      • Helped boost American morale

• Valley Forge

  • Winter of 1777-17778

  • 2, 500 soldiers die and 50 officers retire

    • Smallpox inoculation

      • Provided immunity

  • Spring began training like a traditional army

    • Baron Von Steuben (Prussian

      • Helped instruct troops in the fundamentals of close-order drill

  • Marquis De Lafayette

    • Washinton’s most trusted aid

• Yorktown

  • British commander Cornwallis surrendered

  • October 14, 1781 British surrender

• Treaty of Paris (1783)

  • John Adams, John Jay, and Benjamin Franklin negotiate

  • Britain would

    • Recognize US independence

    • Establish Mississippi river as Western border

Articles of Confederation

• An agreement between the 13 colonies

• Used to get through the war

• States retain sovereignty

• Negatives:

  • No military or power to pass tariffs

  • Lack of money and power to enforce laws

Shay’s Rebellion

• The poor and framers were taxed badly after the war

• Raised property qualifications

• Led by Daniel Shay’s “army” of 1500

  • Was a war vet, not receiving any pay

• Articles gave very little power to stop the rebellion

• Forced Americans to realize that the constitution needed revision

The Constitution Forming New Government

• The Constitutional Convention

  • Used to revise the Articles of Confederation

  • The Plans

    • Two issues: amend Articles and Congressional representation

    • New Jersey Plan

      • Benefits smaller states

      • Each state gets one vote

      • Wanted to keep articles and just revise

    • Virginia Plan

      • Benefits larger states

      • Population based representation

      • Scrap articles, write a new document

    • The Great Compromise

      • Used elements of both plans

      • Senate-2 members

      • HOR- population weighted

Federalists/Anti-Federalists

• Federalists

  • Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, George Washington

  • Wanted a strong national government

  • Central banking

  • Supported ratification of the new constitution

• Anti-Federalists

  • Thomas Jefferson, Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry

  • Wanted power to be placed in state/local governments

  • Policies in the hands of the state

  • Only supported ratification if Bill of Rights were added to the Constitution 

Land Policies

• Land Ordinance of 1785

  • Sale of land 

  • Created townships

    • Population would increase forming states

  • No money in treasury

  • Reserved 1/16 for support of schools

    • First federal government form of public education

• Northwest Ordinance of 1787

  • Process for statehood(western territory)

  • Excluded slavery permanently from the Northwest

    • free/slave boundary

      • Creates division between free states and slave states

  • New states were equal

Sectional Differences

• Sectional tensions between slave states and free states

  • ⅗ Compromise

• Assuming state debt

Washington’s Presidency

• Created the first presidential cabinet

• Kept the United States out of the French Revolution

• Jay’s Treaty

  • Disputes against Britain and United States about US western and southern borders 

Hamilton/Jefferson

• Hamilton

  • Federalist

  • Secretary of treasury

  • Debt-assumption plan

    • Federal government should assume and pay state’s debts from the war

  • Believed in a national bank

    • Urban centered economy based on manufacturing

• Jefferson

  • Democratic Republican

  • Secretary of state

  • Opposed national bank as he was a strict constructionist

• Both became the leaders of one of the first loosely organized political parties

Whiskey Rebellion

• Hamilton had placed a tax on whisky and alcohol that caused huge forms of resentment from the western frontier

• Angry farmers, militiamen, laborers, and hunters attacked federal tax collectors

• Washington ordered the whiskey rebels to disperse or he would bring in militia

  • Rebels refused and Washinton sent in the militia

• Demonstrated the strength of the new federal government

Washington’s Farewell Address

• Criticized and warned against the formation of political parties

• Advised against engaging in Europe’s quarrels by avoiding permanent alliances with any portion of the world

Adam’s Presidency

• John Adams (president); Thomas Jefferson (vice president)

• Greatest achievement

  • Staying out of war

• Alien and Sedition Acts

  • Forcibly repelled foreigners

  • Regulated anti-governmental speech

  • Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

    • Did not enforce the Acts

      • Violated Constitutional rights

Women’s roles

• Republican Motherhood

  • Teachers and producers of the virtuous male citizens 

  • Advocates for the female education