APUSH UNIT 5 REVIEW 1844-1877

MANIFEST DESTINY

• Expansion of the west

• Americans believed God gave them that destiny

• Strong nationalism

• Americans wanted more resources

• California Gold Rush- thousands of middle-class Americans moved towards the west in search of Gold

• Used for religious refuge( ex. Mormons in Utah )

• Oregon Fever- thousands gathered independence and overcame encounters with Natives

• Oregon Trail pioneers traveled to the West and faced encounters with natives, disease, and death

• Election of James K. Polk 1844

• James Polk wanted the Annexation of Oregon and Texas

• Most Americans lived in Mexico compared to Mexicans

• Americans who lived near the border were required to convert to Catholicism and outlaw slavery

• Americans ignored these laws

• The Alamo-Mexicans won

• Battle of San Jacinto Sam Houston led a surprise attack on Santa Anna’s army and the declaration of Texas being an independent Republic

• Texas claimed independence but Mexico didn’t recognize it

• John Tyler wanted annexation of Texas

  MEXICAN AMERICAN WAR

• Mexico didn’t want Texas to be annexed into the U.S which grew tensions between the countries

• Van Buren, Jackson, and Harrison said no to annexation for fear of war

• Polk declared war on Mexico in 1846

• The U.S won and claimed lots of lands

• Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo- established the Rio Grande as the border of Mexico and u.s and promised Mexicans U.S citizenship but did not happen

• Gradsden Purchase - Mexico lost more territory, present-day NM and AR

• Wilmot Proviso- said that all states claimed from war would be off limits from the expansion of slavery

• Congress overturned Wilmot Proviso

  THE COMPROMISE OF 1850

• Southern position - pro-slavery and believed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 would allow the continuation of slavery underline

• Free soil movement- were anti south and anti-slave but were still racist, most democrats and whigs were anti-slavery due to economic reasons

• Abolitionists- strong Antislavery, were a minority in the north

• John Brown- fierce abolitionist who believed in slave uprising

• Garrison wrote The Liberator

• Uncle Tom Cabin- talks about the horrors and dehumanization of slavery

• Popular sovereignty- allowed states to decide whether it was free or slave state

• This caused tension because Southerners were in fear of the Senate being unbalanced

• The Compromise of 1850 was proposed by Henry Clay

• Was used to address growing tensions between free and slave states following the Mexican-American War

• California came in as a free state

• Utah and New Mexico had popular sovereignty

• Temporarily reduced sectional tensions

• Northerners were angered by the fugitive slave law

• Southerners resented California being a free state

• Slave trade is banned in Washington D.C

• Stronger fugitive slave laws allowed for slaves who escaped to the North to be arrested

• Denied fugitives jury trial

  Sectional Conflict

• Nativist Movement- hated Irish immigrants

• “Know nothing party”

• Irish immigrants lived in slums or cultural enclaves

• Northern position- free wage laborers, worked in factories, population grew due to incoming immigrants

• South- fueled by slavery and agricultural plantations

• Abolitionists in the north

• Frederick Douglass- powerful abolitionist who also escaped slavery

  PRE-WAR

• Abolitionist movements fueled and caused widespread resistance through personal liberty laws and the Underground Railroad

• The Compromise of 1850 weakened Missouri compromise and encouraged further disputes

• South was fearful of being outvoted on slavery issues

• Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854- territory was divided in Kansas and Nebraska territory and would use popular sovereignty

• Weakened Whig party and created pro slavery cotton whigs vs anti slavery conscience Whig’s

• Congress overturned compromise of 1820

• Bleeding Kansas- Violence irrupted between anti slavery and pro slavery people

• Thousands of pro slavery Missourians flooded Kansas and casted illegal votes for pro slavery territory

• Two rival state legislatures were established in Kansas

• Pro slavery folks wrote up a constitution and anti slavery folks refused to recognize authority of that constitution and set up rival legislature

• Dried Scott decision 1857- slavery was basically open in all states and slaveholders used the argument of slaves being property

• As a slave, dred Scott was not a citizen and therefore had no right to sue

• Constitution states congress cannot deprive citizen of property

• Division over slavery weakened two party system

• Democratic Party gained strength as pro slavery party

• Republican Party of 1854- know nothing party, abolitionist, free soilers, conscience Whig’s

• They did not advocate abolition of slavery but argued slavery should not be able to spread to other territories

• Southern democrats saw that as a threat

  ELECTION OF 1860 AND SECESSION

• Democratic Party was divided by a northern and southern faction(not unified)

• Northern Democrats-wanted popular sovereignty

• Southern democrats- wanted slavery in new territories protected by federal slave code

• After states were established they could decide in popular sovereignty

• Lincoln won presidency

• Lincoln said he wouldn’t mess with slavery but southerners believe he would

• Lincoln promised that the expansion of slavery was over

• South Carolina seceded from union and basically all the southern slave states (known as the confederacy)

• Confederacy created own constitution which said slavery would never be abolished

Secession caused Civil War

• confederacy wanted to protect slave and state rights

  CIVIL WAR

• South fought a defensive war and possessed greater and experienced military leaders

• North had 4x population and possessed a robust navy, Economic advantage due to banks, manufacturing and railroads, Well established central government

• North relied on the manufacturing of goods for the union whereas the south relied on exports and tariffs to raise revenue for the war

• Confederacy introduced a war tax but many people in states refused to fund this centralized effort with their tax money

• Women disguised as men in order to fight in war

• Led to women suffrage

• Women became nurses after civil war ended

• New York City Draft Riots 1863- it was a law that if any man called up to fight, he could pay $300 to duck out of his draft responsibilities. At that time working class men saw that as a social injustice. A gathering of men came together to protest injustice

• First Sumter- federal possession that was located in South Carolina and South Carolinians cut supply lines to the fort coming in from north

• Union Strategies-Anaconda Plan which North would heavily lean on its naval advantage in order to blockage southern ports and control the Mississippi River which could split confederacy in half

• Southern Strategy - relied on foreign help especially from Britain and France. Both France and Britain relied heavily on exported cotton in order to support textile industry

• Union succeeded through due to improvements in leadership and strategy, key battle victories, and wartime destruction of the south’s infrastructure

• Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation 1862 - unequivocally freed all enslaved people on January 1st, but only freed states that were in active rebellion against U.S (NOT TRUE)

• Southern states didn’t actually free any slaves cause they didn’t care about Lincoln’s law and also didn’t free any of them in border states cause he had no authority to do so

• It was more of a military strategy than a document of freedom because it effectively cut off all hope of European diplomatic support for the South

• enslaved workers in confederacy escaped plantations. Some took arms and fought for union cause

• Closed the door of British involvement

• Devastation of south’s infrastructure gave union an advantage

• Sherman’s March to the Sea Sherman destroyed railroads and generally held to a scorched earth burning crops in his march from Atlanta to Savannah making it near impossible for south to recover strength

• It was a campaign against confederacy and devastated southern economy

• Battle of Gettysburg - Lee(confederate)vs Meade (union) union won

• Gettysburg Address 1863- Lincoln sought to unify nation and portray the struggle against slavery as the fulfillment of Americas founding democratic ideals

• Appomattox Courthouse 1865- Lee surrendered to Grant and the war was over

  RECONSTRUCTION ERA

• Abraham Lincoln position is that the south never actually left the union because it was legally impossible

• Lincoln’s reconstruction Plan(AKA Ten percent plan)-confederate states would have to reestablish their state governments if 10% of the 1860 elaborate pledged loyalty to the union

• State legislature has to ratify the thirteenth amendment which abolished slavery

• Lincoln was assassinated and Andrew Johnson becomes president

• Andrew Johnson was racist and didn’t care for white and black equality

• States passed Black Codes - restricted freedom of Black people and forced them to work for low wages

• Radical Republicans - were against south’s secession thought it caused damage and death

• Wanted reconstruction to be run by congress

• Freedman’s Bureau- agency set up to help newly freed black people to get on their feet

• Civil Rights Act of 1866- protected citizenship of black folks and gave them equal protection under the laws

• Andrew Johnson vetoed both pieces of legislation

• Radical republicans mustered two thirds majority to override veto

• Fourteenth Amendment- all persons born in the U.S are citizens and should enjoy equal protection under the law

• Reconstruction Acts of 1867- assured all laws being passed would be enforced in the south

• Republicans divided south into five districts and put them under military occupation with federal troops

• Increased southern states requirements in order to rejoin union

• States would have to ratify 15 amendment which and add to state constitution provision for universal male voting rights(white and black men)

• Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

• Impeachment- trail which determines if a president should be removed from office, NOT the removal itself

• Tenure of Office Act- made it illegal for president to fire member of cabinet without congressional approval

• 15th amendment granted voting rights to the newly freed black population of the south

• Women’s rights advocates such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton got mad cause it didn’t give women the right to vote

• National woman suffrage - continued to fight for franchise to be extended to women

• American Woman Suffrage Association- Other argued that it was important to support reconstruction although they supported women’s rights

  FAILURE OF RECONSTRUCTION

• Black people established schools, churches, ran for office

• KKK and other white supremacy burned down homes, schools, businesses, and perpetuated public lynchings for black people

• Black Codes- prohibited black people from borrowing ,only to buy land which made black people resort to share cropping

• Prohibited black people from testifying against white peoples in court which means black people would never be heard

• poor whites also were victims of sharecropping

• 1877 end of reconstruction- due to election of 1876 between Samuel Tilden and Rutherford b Hayes

• Northerners were more concerned with industrial development than the race problem

• Republicans and Democrats claimed victory

• Electoral commission was formed which was mostly republican

• Democrats were outraged and threatened to block Hayes inauguration

• Compromise of 1877- democrats agreed to concede election to Hayes in exchange of federal troops being removed from south

• Democratic were able to take control of southern state governments again

• They were able to pass Jim Crow laws and use poll taxes and literacy tests

• Democratic south was able to pursue policies that maintained economic and social structures dependent on agriculture and cheap labor

• Share cropping replaced system of slavery and black workers agreed to work on fields with very low wages.

• These Black people signed contracts to be bound to plantation and gave plantation owners the right to extract unlimited labor for them

• poor whites also were victims of sharecropping

• Poll tax and literacy tests were created to make it harder for black people to vote

• Racial segregation of society-“separate but equal”

• Democrats dominated once again

Manifest Destiny was the 19th-century doctrine suggesting that the expansion of the US across the American continents was both justified and inevitable. It was fueled by nationalism and the belief that Americans were destined by God to spread democracy and capitalism. Key events that illustrated this belief included the California Gold Rush, which attracted thousands of settlers, and the annexation of Texas, which led to the Mexican-American War. The concept significantly influenced U.S. policies and actions leading to westward expansion, often at the expense of Native American lands and cultures.