Untitled Flashcards Set

AP Psychology

Learning Review 07, 08, 12-14

1. In a set of studies, Ivan Pavlov first touched a dog lightly on the side of its body and a few seconds later placed vinegar on the dog’s tongue.  The vinegar made the dog salivate.  AFter several pairings of touch and vinegar, the dog began to salivate as soon as it was touched and before it was given the vinegar.  In these studies which of the following was the conditioned stimulus?

   1. touch to the body

   2. vinegar on the tongue

   3. salivation to the vinegar

   4. salivation to the touch

   5. time interval between the touch and the vinegar

2. Of the following, which is essential for operant conditioning to occur?

   1. partial reinforcement

   2. a behavioral consequence

   3. a stimulus substitution

   4. spontaneous recovery

   5. delayed conditioning

3. B. F. Skinner’s claim that the environment determines an individual’s behavior was criticized for

   1. failing to explain how personality can change over time

   2. failing to acknowledge cognitive influences on behavior

   3. failing to acknowledge situational factors

   4. attributing behavior solely to genetics

   5. emphasizing unconscious influences on behavior

4. Which of the following is an example of discrimination learning?

   1. A pigeon is trained to peck a red key sometimes pecks and orange key

   2. A four year old calls her aunt Mommy

   3. A dog still salivates to the sound of a bell after ten trials of extinction

   4. A rat avoids an electric shock by responding to the light that always precedes it

   5. A dog trained to salivate to a particular tone does not salivate to any other tone

5. Which of the following kinds of learning is involved when a person displays a new behavior after watching someone else perform it?

   1. generalization

   2. latent learning

   3. insight learning

   4. state-dependent learning

   5. observational learning

6. When a conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus, a resulting decrease in the conditioned response is called

   1. acquisition

   2. incremental learning

   3. discrimination

   4. extinction

   5. generalization

7. Learning that is not demonstrated at the time it occurs is called

   1. conceptualization learning

   2. social learning

   3. latent learning

   4. schematic learning

   5. insight learning

8. Pam works hard in school because her parents give her ten dollars for every A she receives.  Pam’s parents are attempting to influence her academic efforts by capitalizing on

   1. instinctive needs

   2. primary needs

   3. extrinsic motivation

   4. intrinsic motivation

   5. reactance

9. A monkey’s choosing a circle from an array of geometric shapes in order to be rewarded with a banana is an example of

   1. stimulus habituation

   2. stimulus discrimination

   3. positive transference

   4. disinhibition

   5. latent learning

10. Which of the following sets of concepts is central to social learning theory?

    1. observation, imitation and modeling

    2. fixed interval, variable interval, and fixed ratio

    3. generalization, spontaneous recovery, and discrimination

    4. acquisition, extinction, and counterconditioning

    5. higher-order learning, negative reinforcement, and variable ratio

11. Whenever Sarah’s mother answered the phone, Sarah would yell for her mother’s attention and her mother would end the phone conversation.  Then Sarah’s mother began ignoring Sarah’s yelling and eventually Sarah stopped behaving that way.  THe change in Sarah’s behavior is an example of

    1. discrimination

    2. response generalization

    3. systematic desensitization

    4. extinction

    5. spontaneous recovery

12. A dog retrieves the newspaper every day because in the past it received a food reward for this behavior.  The dog’s behaviors is an example of which of the following?

    1. an operant response

    2. a discriminative stimulus

    3. an unconditioned response

    4. an unconditioned stimulus

    5. a classically conditioned response

13. Which of the following best reflects contemporary interpretations of classical conditioning?

    1. They remain relatively unchanged from earlier interpretations by people like E.L. Thorndike

    2. They are primarily based on the theory of contiguity

    3. They take into account cognitive processes like expectancy

    4. They are in agreement with the interpretations of behaviorists like B.F. Skinner

14. Four-year-old Scott fell down the stairs at his grandmother’s house.  Although he was not badly hurt, he was very frightened.  Now, whenever his parents mention visiting his grandmother's house, he feels anxious and fearful.  In classical conditioning terms, what are the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the scenario, respectively.

    1. Grandmother’s house, fear

    2. Grandmother’s house, falling

    3. fear, grandmother’s house

    4. falling, anxiety

    5. anxiety, fear

15. Edward L. Thorndike argued that responses that lead to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated, and that responses followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated.  This became known as the law of

    1. reinforcement

    2. associations

    3. punishment

    4. effect

    5. outcomes

16. The principles of operant conditioning are best illustrated by

    1. exposing a client to anxiety-provoking stimuli

    2. replacing a response to a stimulus with an alternative response

    3. deep relaxation techniques

    4. a token economy to reinforce adaptive behaviors

    5. development of intrinsic motivation

17. In phase one of a study, a researcher classically conditions a dog to salivate to the ringing of a bell.  In the second phase, the researcher pairs a flashing light with the ringing of the bell.  After several pairings of the light and the bell the dog will

    1. no longer salivate when the bell is rung

    2. only salivate when the bell is rung

    3. salivate when the light is flashed

    4. stop salivating when the light is flashed

    5. salivate when the researcher comes into the room

18. Which of the following statements best describes the role of biological processes in classical conditioning?

    1. a biologically-based unconditioned stimulus (UCS) must immediately follow a conditioned stimulus (CS) for learning to occur.

    2. any novel or familiar stimulus could serve as a CS because the biological mechanisms underlying learning are very powerful

    3. because all animals share a common cellular history, the laws of classical conditioning apply to all species

    4. certain species are biologically predisposed to learn particular associations that enhance their survival

    5. biological reinforcers foster learning more quickly than do environmental reinforcers

19. In a classic study, a group of rats learned to run through a maze to obtain food, and another group of rats explored the maze without receiving food.  Some time later, the researcher compared the two groups of rats to determine if both groups would find the food at the end of the maze.  According to the researcher, the untrained rats found the food at the end of the maze as quickly as the trained rats as a result of

    1. latent learning

    2. observational learning

    3. avoidance learning

    4. counterconditioning

    5. aversive conditioning

20. A researcher is training laboratory rats to run a complex maze.  Each time the rats learn a new part of the maze, they are rewarded with a pellet of food.  Within a few hours, the rats have learned the entire maze.  Which of the following did the researcher use to teach the rats the maze.

    1. shaping

    2. generalization

    3. negative reinforcement

    4. a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement

    5. spontaneous recovery

21. Elizabeth picks up the clothes from her bedroom floor and puts them away to avoid her mother’s repeated nagging.  Elizabeth’s behavior is being influenced by

    1. classical conditioning

    2. positive reinforcement

    3. negative reinforcement

    4. extinction

    5. punishment

22. A person eats a hamburger at a restaurant and develops a very bad stomach ache after finishing eating.  As a result of the sudden illness, the person cannot eat hamburgers anymore.  Just thinking about them makes the person feel sick to their stomach.  In this scenario, the thought of a hamburger is

    1. an unconditioned stimulus

    2. an unconditioned response

    3. a conditioned stimulus

    4. a conditioned response

    5. a negative reinforcer

23. The reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response is called

    1. acquisition

    2. generalization

    3. extinction

    4. discrimination

    5. spontaneous recovery

24. A person who is fearful of rattlesnakes but not garden snakes is exhibiting

    1. response learning

    2. discrimination learning

    3. insight learning

    4. extinction

    5. generalization

25. A child has learned that her grandparents ignore rather than reward her tantrums.  Which of the following operant principles are the grandparents using to control the child’s behavior?

    1. positive reinforcement

    2. negative reinforcement

    3. delayed reinforcement

    4. extinction

    5. stimulus substitution

26. Long-term potentiation is best described as the

    1. interference effect of old memories on the formation of new memories

    2. disruptive influence of recent memories on the recall of old memories

    3. tendency of people to recall experiences that are consistent with their current mood

    4. increased efficiency of synaptic transmission between certain neurons following learning

    5. superior ability of older adults to recall events from their childhood

27. A person closes a window to shut out traffic noise.  The reduction in noise leads the person to close the window every day.  This is an example

    1. positive reinforcement

    2. negative reinforcement

    3. punishment

    4. omission training

    5. an appetitive stimulus

28. Classical conditioning is most efficient when the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

    1. immediately follows the conditioned stimulus (CS)

    2. follows the conditioned stimulus (CS) by a few minutes

    3. immediately precedes the conditioned stimulus (CS)

    4. precedes the conditioned stimulus (CS) by a few minutes

    5. is presented at the same time as the conditioned stimulus (CS)

29. A researcher gave identical puzzles to five-year-old children in two groups, group A and group B.  The children in group A were promised candy if they completed the puzzles quickly and well.  The children in group B were not promised a reward but were encouraged to do the best that they could.  If the researcher argues that overjustification occurred, which of the following most likely happened during the experiment?

    1. Group A worked harder and better than Group B

    2. Both groups worked equally hard and well

    3. Group B felt angry at not receiving the promise of a reward and therefore did not work at all

    4. Group A did not work as hard or as well as group B and would be less likely to spontaneously work on a similar puzzles in the future

    5. Group B worked equally well as group A but would quickly argue that they would have done better if offered a reward

30. Which classic study forms the basis for social  (observational) learning?

    1. Ivan Pavlov … salivating dogs

    2. B.F. Skinner … key-pecking pigeons

    3. John Garcia … nauseous rats

    4. John Watson … Little Albert

    5. Albert Bandura … Bobo doll

31. Money most often modifies people’s behavior because it is a powerful

    1. negative reinforcer

    2. secondary reinforcer

    3. conditioned stimulus

    4. high-order stimulus

    5. discriminative stimulus

32. A particular group of brain cells seems to provide a basis for observational learning.  Researchers call these specialized cells

    1. efferent neurons

    2. afferent neurons

    3. mirror neurons

    4. motor neurons

    5. Schwann cells

33. In classical conditioning, stimulus generalization occurs when an organism responds

    1. to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

    2. to stimuli that are similar to the unconditioned stimulus

    3. to the conditioned stimulus the same way as to the unconditioned stimulus

    4. with different types of responses to neutral stimuli

    5. with different types of responses to the unconditioned stimulus

34. Raul wants to teach his daughter Sonia to tie her shoes.  First he praised her when she manipulates her shoelaces in any way. Then he praised her when she makes a simple knot.  ONce she does that consistently, he praises her only when she makes the know and a loop.  He continues the pattern until she can do all the steps required to tie her shoes.  Raul’s actions are an example of which of the following techniques?

    1. modeling

    2. shaping

    3. rehearsal

    4. classical conditioning

    5. negative reinforcement

35. A cancer patient becomes nauseated following chemotherapy treatments.  After a few treatments, the patient begins having a sick feeling whenever entering the treatment room.  The treatment room has become

    1. a primary reinforcer

    2. a conditioned reinforcer

    3. a neutral stimulus

    4. a conditioned stimulus

    5. an unconditioned stimulus

36. The idea that the explanation for prejudice lies in children’s modeling of their parents’ prejudicial beliefs, emotions, and behaviors is most closely aligned with the theories of which of the following?

    1. Lev Vygotsky

    2. John B. Watson

    3. Jean Piaget

    4. B.F. Skinner

    5. Albert Bandura

37. If mice lack an enzyme essential to the process of long-term potentiation, which of the following will be the most likely consequence?

    1. They will be unable to learn a maze

    2. They will learn a maze as well as mice who have the enzyme

    3. They will learn a maze only through observational learning

    4. They will learn a maze only through classical conditioning

    5. they will learn a maze only through positive reinforcement

38. In the first part of an experiment, one group of rats received reinforcement after correctly navigating a maze.  A second group received no reinforcement after wandering around the maze.  In the next part, both groups received reinforcement after navigating the maze.  Despite not receiving reinforcement at the beginning of the experiment, the second group performed as well as the first.  The learning that occurred in the second group in the absence of reinforcement is called

    1. latent learning

    2. extinction

    3. partial reinforcement

    4. observational learning

    5. classical conditioning

39. Children who are consistently praised for receiving high grades in school will likely continue to work for high grades.  Using an operant conditioning explanation of this phenomenon, which of the following is true?

    1. the raise functions as a positive reinforcer

    2. the praise functions as a generalized stimulus

    3. the grades functions as the stimulus that elicits a response

    4. the grades function as a discriminant stimulus

    5. the school functions as a negative reinforcer

40. Jeff always tells his children not to use bad language when something does not go the way they want.  Unfortunately, Jeff uses bad language occasionally and his children have observed him do so.  Now Jeff’s children use bad language.  This can be explained by

    1. learned helplessness

    2. social learning theory

    3. representativeness

    4. classical conditioning

    5. self-efficacy

41. A child who learns that spoons are tableware and then correctly calls forks and knives tableware is demonstrating

    1. rote learning

    2. imitation training

    3. discrimination training

    4. stimulus generalization

    5. classical conditioning

1. a

2. b

3. b

4. e

5. e

6. d

7. c

8. c

9. b

10. a

11. d

12. e

13. c

14. b

15. d

16. d

17. c

18. d

19. a

20. a

21. c

22. c

23. e

24. b

25. d

26. d

27. b

28. a

29. d

30. e

31. b

32. c

33. a

34. b

35. d

36. e

37. a

38. a

39. a

40. b

41. d