Haitian Revolution

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Gabriel’s Rebellion

• Who: 1000 enslaved men Led by enslaved man named Gabriel

• When: August 1800

• Where: Richmond, Virginia

• What: plan to end slavery in VA by attacking Richmond, setting fires in warehouse district, attack white residents, seize weapons, and capture James Monroe. Plan failed b/c two enslaved men told masters about plan, they reported to authorities + bad weather = postponed attack → Monroe + militia had more time to catch the conspirators

• Why: Led to increased restrictions on free people of color + showed white residents that slaves could carry out a sophisticated and violent revolution + showed white attempts at suppressing news of slave revolts failed

David Walker

• Who: Black abolitionist

• When: 1829

• Where: Boston Massachusetts

• What: wrote an appeal that called for resistance against slavery & racism

• Why: gave free black and slaves message that they can’t be excluded from conversations about liberty & equality + encouraged them to fight for their freedom & equality + made whites fear that a revolt could happen → more limits on people of color

“Bobalition” Broadsides

• Who: White Publications

• When: 1810’s

• Where: Boston Massachusetts

• What: White publications mocked black Americans as buffoons, and ridiculed their calls for abolition & equal rights.

• Why: Became basis for racist ideas during 19th C. + showed black americans’ presence in political conversation was significant enough to require ridicule + need to reinforce obvious difference b/w blacks and whites showed that the differences b/w them weren’t very obvious

Notes on the State of Virginia

• Who: Thomas Jefferson

• When: 1784

• Where: Virginia

• What: declared black people couldn’t improve mentally & that they might be evolved from different ancestors (polygenesis) + used idea of polygenesis to justify schemes for a white America, wanted to gradually send freed black people back to Africa + belief that black & whites “incompatible” or too different to coexist & African colonization = solution to America racial problem.

• Why: received backlash from antislavery & black communities + defenders proposed idea that blacks were completely a different species from whites but white Americans forced to acknowledge that “whitening” in black community came from sexual violence not the environment.

The Louisiana Purchase

• Who: Jefferson Administration/America & France

• When: 1803

• Where: Louisiana

• What: Jefferson authorized purchase of Louisiana from France, wanted access to New Orleans (important port for western farmers). France secretly reacquired LA but napoleon wanted to cut losses b/c of Haitian revolution & yellow fever outbreak. Napoleon offered to sell LA for $15 million to US ($250 million today)

• Why: largest real estate deal in US history, crowning achievement of Jefferson administration

The Embargo Act of 1807

• Who: America & Europe

• When: 1807

• Where: America & Europe

• What: “peaceable coercion” by closing American ports to all foreign trade in hopes of avoiding war w/ Europe nations (Spain, England, France) & response to British impressment of US sailors + attack on USS Chesapeake

• Why: it hurt the US economy, people resorted to smuggling goods outside of US, Jefferson used gov’t powers to enforce compliance → labeled tyrant + criticized by federalists

Sally Hemings

• Who: Jefferson’s enslaved Laborer & half-sis to Martha Jefferson (wife)

• When: 18th C. to 19th C.

• Where: Virginia

• What: Jefferson’s enslaved Laborer & half-sis to Martha Jefferson (wife), had sexual relations with Jefferson and had children with him.

• Why: Used by James Callender to criticize Jefferson and suggest that Jefferson’s sexual relation w/ a slave comprised his racial integrity

Play-Off System

• Who: Native American nations

• When: Before the American Revolution (date?)

• Where: America & Europe

• What: a balanced & delicate diplomacy between European empires

• Why: helped native groups dominate social relations

Tenskwatawa

• Who: a prophet from the Shawnee Indians

• When: 19th C.

• Where: North America

• What: created towns in Indiana (Greenville & prophetstown) in defiance of the Treaty of greenville (1795). traveled from canada to georgia calling for unification, resistance, & restoration of sacred power.

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Tecumseh’s Confederacy

• Who: Tecumseh & Tenskwatawa

• When: 19th C.

• Where: North America

• What: a confederation of native Americans in the great lakes region made to stop white Americans from settling in the northwest territory

• Why: offered native groups a distinctly native american identity and joined many groups together under a common spirituality and led to witch hunts because those who opposed the confederacy were labeled witches and thought to be accommodating the Americans

Hillis Hadjo

• Who: Red Stick Creek prophet

• When: 19th C.

• Where: Southeast of North America

• What: a prophet who accompanied Tecumseh when he toured the southeast in 1811, also a leader of the red sticks who adopted religious tenets from the north and made his own religious practices for the Red Sticks

• Why: caused Red Sticks to join Tecumseh in his resistance movement and to purge their society of its euro-american dependences

Red Sticks

• Who: Native american group in Great Lakes

• When: 19th C.

• Where: Southeast North America

• What: a native american group apart of the creek faction that joined the techumseh confederacy and adopted religious tenets from the north and made their own religious practices

• Why: They were some of the only support that Tecumseh had in the southeast and stood by him but as a result they were in a civil war w/ the other creek groups and were ulimatley defeated in the Battle of Horseshoe bend by Andrew Jackson and allied creek groups.

The Battle of Horshoe Bend

• Who: Jackson’s forces + Lower Creek and Cherokee forces vs Red Sticks

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Impressments

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Andrew Jackson

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Hartford Convention

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Francis Scott Key

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American System

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Monroe Doctrine

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