comp #1

The Social Contract : The idea that government exists based on the consent of the governed. John Locke emphasized that individuals agree to form a society and government to protect natural rights. Citizens have the right to change or remove governments that violate this contract.

Checks and Balances / Separation of Powers : Montesquieu advocated dividing government into separate branches to prevent abuse of power. Each branch (legislative, executive, judicial) can check the others. Limited government ensures no branch becomes too powerful, as reflected in the U.S. Constitution.

Rule of Law : The principle that laws apply to everyone, including government officials. Limits government power and ensures accountability. Essential in maintaining a stable, fair, and democratic society.

Due Process : Legal principle that ensures fair procedures before depriving someone of life, liberty, or property. Guarantees fair trials, hearings, and protections under the law, forming the basis of the justice system.

Equality under the Law : All individuals are treated equally by the legal system and enjoy equal protection under the law. Does not guarantee equal outcomes but ensures fairness in treatment and access to justice.

Popular Sovereignty : The authority of government comes from the people. Citizens hold ultimate power and influence government decisions, reflected in the preamble phrase “We the People” and in elections.

Natural Rights and Natural Law : Rights inherent to all people, such as life, liberty, and property. Recognized by the Founders in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, forming the moral foundation for government.

Federalism : Division of power between national and state governments. In theory, allows states to govern locally while the federal government handles nationwide concerns. In practice, federalism shapes laws, policies, and interactions between state and federal authorities.

Individual Liberty : Personal freedoms, including political and religious liberties, are essential. Over time, religious liberty has evolved, allowing diverse beliefs while maintaining separation of church and state.

Republicanism and Representative Democracy : Citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf, creating a constitutional republic. Origins in classical and Enlightenment ideas, differing from pure democracy by emphasizing representation and checks on majority power.

Constitutionalism : Commitment to a government structured and limited by a constitution. Philosophical foundations emphasize law and order, while practical application ensures adherence to the U.S. Constitution.

Majority Rule and Minority Rights : Democracy balances the will of the majority with protections for minority groups. The Constitution and courts ensure that majority decisions do not infringe on minority rights.

Equal Protection : Legal guarantee that individuals receive the same protection under the law. Ensures laws are applied fairly, particularly through amendments like the 14th Amendment.

Bill of Rights and Protections of Civil Rights and Liberties : The first ten amendments guarantee freedoms such as speech, religion, and due process. Rights may be limited in certain circumstances (e.g., public safety) but form the foundation for individual protections.

Elections : Free, fair, and secure elections ensure government reflects the people’s will. State and federal elections work together to elect officials at all levels, from local offices to the presidency.