APUSH midterm review

Timeline Context: Covers the era from just before Columbus (1491) to the founding of Jamestown (1607).
Native American Societies:
- Contrary to early European views of them being "barbaric," Natives were often settled and successfully cultivated crops such as maize (corn).
- Iroquois: A matriarchal society (women held significant power) that built longhouses and canoes. Their activities lead to environmental changes like deforestation and erosion.
- Cahokia: A prosperous, non-nomadic group that built palisades for protection. They eventually struggled with resource depletion and excessive saltwater use.

Exploration: Columbus sought a new route to Asia to bypass Muslim-controlled Constantinople, landing instead in the Caribbean.
Impact: The "Atlantic Revolution" or Columbian Exchange ensued.
- To Europe: Corn, potatoes, and pineapples enriched diets, causing a population boom that eventually led to European overpopulation.
- To Americas: Spread of diseases caused a drastic decline in Native populations.
Conquistadors: Spanish explorers coming for wealth (silver in Peru) and religious conversion.
- Pueblo Revolt: A successful resistance where Natives fought back against forced Christian conversion and gained temporary self-determination.

Economic Model: England lacked state funds for expeditions, utilizing joint-stock companies where investors pooled money for potential returns.
Jamestown (1607): Initially a failure due to poor location (swampy, lack of clean water) and "gentlemen" who refused to farm.
- Turnaround: John Smith implemented agricultural discipline, but the discovery of tobacco as a cash crop was the primary driver of growth.
- Governance: The House of Burgesses (HOB) was formed as a representative body modeled after Parliament (3,000 miles away).

Maryland: A proprietary colony founded by Lord Baltimore to provide religious toleration for Catholics.
Middle Colonies: More diversified economies (grains and shipbuilding) with easy trade access.
- Pennsylvania: Founded by Quakers who emphasized pacifism and equality for Natives.
New England: Settled for religious reform (Puritans) rather than economics.
- Believed in predestination and creating a "City Upon a Hill."
- Internal conflicts led to the expulsion of figures like Anne Hutchinson and Thomas Hooker (who founded Delaware).
Labor Shifts: Initial reliance on indentured servants (white Europeans working 5 years for land) shifted toward slavery following Bacon's Rebellion in the 1670s, which highlighted class tensions and land shortages.

Seven Years' War: Conflict over natural resources (fur, timber, fish). Britain's victory resulted in massive debt, ending the era of salutary neglect.
British Regulation:
- Proclamation Line: Restricted westward movement to prevent Native conflicts (e.g., Pontiac’s Rebellion) and maximize tax efficiency.
- Taxation:
- Sugar Act (1764): An indirect tax on producers.
- Stamp Act: A direct tax on paper goods; led to the cry "No taxation without representation," boycotts, and the formation of the Sons of Liberty.
- Intolerable Acts: Passed after the Boston Tea Party to close the Boston port and abolish the Massachusetts government.

American Revolution: Began at Lexington and Concord; won through strong local motivation despite British troop superiority. Ended with the Treaty of Paris.
Articles of Confederation: The first government; featured a weak federal structure with no president and a requirement for all 13 states to agree. Failed during Shays' Rebellion.
The Constitution: Drafted by 55 framers.
- Great Compromise: Established a two-chamber Congress.
- 3/5 Compromise: Counted three out of every five enslaved persons for representation.
Early Presidencies:
- Washington: Established a cabinet and the Neutrality Proclamation.
- Hamilton vs. Jefferson: Split between industrial/federalist views (Hamilton) and agrarian/democratic-republican views (Jefferson).
- Adams: Oversaw the XYZ Affair and the Alien and Sedition Acts, which eventually led to the decline of the Federalist party.

Louisiana Purchase (1803): Purchased from Napoleon for $15 million, favoring agrarian expansion.
War of 1812: Caused by British impressment and frontier conflicts (Battle of Tippecanoe). Led to the "Era of Good Feelings" under one-party rule.
Industrialization:
- Lowell Factory System: Employed women and children, later replaced by Irish and German immigrants in the 1830s and 1840s.
- Inventions: Eli Whitney’s cotton gin and interchangeable parts.
- Infrastructure: The Erie Canal (connecting Albany and Buffalo) and turnpikes lowered shipping costs.
Sectionalism and Reform:
- Missouri Compromise: Established the 36^\circ 30' line to manage the balance between free and slave states.
- Monroe Doctrine: Declared European political systems incompatible with the Americas.
- Great Awakening: A resurgence of emotional spiritual connection with God, occurring alongside the intellectual Enlightenment (Franklin and Locke).