Lecture 2 Determinants of health

Page 1: Title

• PS20720 Health Psychology

• SC20720 Seicoleg Iechyd

• Focus on Determinants of Health

Page 2: Overview of Lecture

• Goals of today’s lecture:

  • Understand the concept of health determinants

  • Define health risk and enhancing behaviors

  • Identify key health risks and enhancements relating to health behaviors

  • Explore determinants of these health behaviors

  • Discuss the significance of these determinants

  • Introduce models of health behavior:

    • Biopsychosocial model

    • Ecological model of public health

Page 3: Recap of Previous Week

• Historical perspective on health:

  • Past illnesses and mortality linked to infectious diseases

  • Improvements in health correlated with:

    • Sanitation

    • Personal hygiene

    • Nutrition

Page 4: Chronic Diseases and Lifestyle

• Shift towards chronic disease etiology:

  • Up to 50% of mortality from leading causes linked to behaviors

  • Behaviors play a role in disease recovery

  • Changing causes of mortality reflect lifestyle shifts

Page 5: Health Behavior Definitions

• Health behavior defined:

  • Health Risk Behavior: Activities that increase disease risk

  • Health Enhancing Behavior: Activities that prevent disease and promote health

Page 6: Health Behavior Change

• Understanding health behavior change:

  • Role of cohort studies in health behavior associations

  • Randomized control trials (RCTs) to refine understanding of behaviors

  • Acknowledge evolving nature of health behaviors

Page 7: Key Health Behaviors

• Identified behaviors affecting chronic disease:

  • Diet

  • Smoking

  • Alcohol consumption

  • Screening

  • Sexual health

  • Physical activity

Page 8: Summary of Health Behaviors

• Health enhancing behaviors:

  • Healthy diet

  • Physical activity

• Health risk behaviors:

  • Unhealthy diet

  • Sedentary lifestyle

  • Smoking

  • Drug use

  • Unprotected sex

  • Alcohol misuse

  • Drink driving

Page 9: Discussion

• Who bears responsibility for health?

Page 10: Welsh National Survey 2022-23

• Physical Activity Statistics:

  • 55% active for at least 150 minutes/week

  • 39% participate in sports

Page 11: Dietary Demographics

• Dietary habits in Wales:

  • 29% of adults meet fruit & vegetable intake recommendations

  • 61% overweight or obese (26% obese)

  • Adults average 3.8 portions of F&V

  • Discrepancies in consumption based on gender and socio-economic status

Page 12: Smoking Statistics

• Trends in smoking prevalence:

  • Decrease from 28% (2004) to 13% (2022)

  • 30% are ex-smokers

Page 13: E-Cigarette Usage

• E-cigarette statistics:

  • 6% men, 5% women as e-cigarette users

  • Rise in popularity among young adults from 2021-2023

Page 14: Alcohol Consumption

• Alcohol use demographics:

  • 17% do not drink alcohol

  • 17% exceed recommended limits

  • Highest consumption in 45-64 age group

Page 15: Sexual Health Demographics

• Insights from sexual health screening:

  • Higher testing rates for chlamydia among females

  • Increase in testing across different economic statuses

Page 16: Further Sexual Health Insights

• Trends in sexual health:

  • Young people (16-24) at higher risk for STDs

  • Decline in genital wart presentations since 2015

Page 17: Health Screening Engagement

• Screening behavior statistics:

  • Women more likely to engage in health screenings

  • Lower engagement in deprived and less educated populations

Page 18: Well-Being Metrics

• Well-being statistics in Wales:

  • Average score of 48.2 on Warwick-Edinburgh scale

  • 32% report low well-being

  • 13% report feelings of loneliness

Page 19: Determinants of Health

• Factors influencing health outcomes:

  • Gender, age, education, employment, and loneliness

Page 20: Health Inequalities

• Life expectancy disparities:

  • Range from 34 years (Sierra Leone) to 81.9 years (Japan)

  • Local disparities in life expectancy within regions

Page 21: Life Expectancy Trends

• Comparison of life expectancy data in the UK (1980-2019)

Page 22: Deprivation Effects on Life Expectancy

• Impact of deprivation on life expectancy and health outcomes:

  • Higher life expectancy in less deprived areas

Page 23: WHO Health Determinants

• Key Determinants:

  • Social and economic environment, physical environment, individual characteristics

  • Influential factors: income, education, physical environment, social support, genetics

Page 24: Risk Factor Prevalence by Deprivation

• Variance in risk factors across local authorities based on deprivation

Page 25: Risk Factor Prevalence by Ethnicity

• Differences in risk factor prevalence among various ethnic groups in England

Page 26: Biopsychosocial Model - Obesity

• Explores biological, psychological, and social weight influences

Page 27: Fast-Food Market Share

• Analysis of high street fast food chains by council deprivation

Page 28: Nutritional Marketing Influence

• Discussion of unhealthy food advertising targeting children

Page 29: Ecological Model of Public Health

• Levels:

  • Public policy

  • Community

  • Organizational

  • Interpersonal

  • Individual

Page 30: Ecological Model - Implementation

• Overview of health organizations and communities

Page 31: Individual vs. Structural Health Influences

• Discussion on the importance of community and societal factors in health behavior change

Page 32: Discussion Points

• Reflect on personal responsibility for health and holistic implications

Page 33: Suggested Readings

• Resources for further exploration on health surveying and statistics.