Module 2- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering

Module Overview

• Title: Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering

• Instructor: Ms. Karen Crystel L. Apostol, LPT

• Grade Level: 12th Grade

Lesson Objectives

• Explain processes of transcription and translation

• Discuss principles and techniques of recombinant DNA technology

• Explain applications, advantages, and disadvantages of genetic engineering

Table of Contents

1. DNA, RNA, and Proteins

2. DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis

3. Processes in Genetic Engineering

4. Applications and Relevant Issues in Recombinant DNA

Key Concepts

DNA, RNA, and Proteins

• Structure of DNA:

  • Ideal genetic material due to stability and ability to store genetic information.

  • Contains nitrogenous bases, pentose sugar, and phosphate group.

  • DNA is a polynucleotide chain with a sequence of bases determining its uniqueness.

Historical Background

• Discovery of DNA:

  • Friedrich Miescher isolated nuclein, laying the foundation for DNA discovery.

  • Key scientists: Rosalind Franklin (x-ray crystallography), James Watson, Francis Crick (DNA structure), Erwin Chargaff (base pairing rules).

Genetic Engineering Overview

• Involves direct manipulation of genes to express desired traits.

• Recombinant DNA Technology: Techniques to isolate and manipulate DNA segments.

DNA Replication and Translation

DNA Replication

• Essential for cell division, growth, and repair.

• Models of Replication:

  • Semi-conservative, conservative, dispersive.

• The Meselson-Stahl experiment confirmed semiconservative replication.

Translation Process

• Converting mRNA into amino acids.

• Main steps: tRNA charging, initiation, elongation, termination.

Applications of Genetic Engineering

• Agriculture: Development of crops like Bt corn for pest resistance.

• Bioremediation: Using organisms to degrade environmental contaminants.

• Pharmaceuticals: Production of human proteins via transgenic organisms.

Relevant Issues

• Health Concerns: Potential allergic reactions, effects on immunity, and environmental impacts.

• Biodiversity: Risks of gene transfer and effects on wild species.

• Ethics: Debates about modifying natural organisms and potential social implications.

Conclusion

• Genetic Engineering presents opportunities and challenges in various fields including agriculture, medicine, and environmental sustainability.