med surg GI 3/13/25

Gastrointestinal Disorders Overview

• The discussion revolves around common gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, diagnostics, and nursing roles in patient care.

Anatomy and Physiology of the GI System

• The GI tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory organs.

• Important functions include digestion, nutrient absorption, and waste elimination.

Common GI Disorders

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

• Crohn's Disease: A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the digestive tract, commonly diagnosed in individuals aged 20-29. Symptoms include:

  • Diarrhea

  • Abdominal cramping and pain

  • Weight loss

• Ulcerative Colitis: Another form of IBD that causes inflammation and ulcers in the colon.

• Celiac Disease: An autoimmune disorder damaging the small intestine upon gluten consumption.

  • Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and malabsorption of nutrients.

Liver Disorders

Diagnostic Tests and Symptoms

• Signs and Symptoms: Upper quadrant pain, ascites, abdominal girth and distension.

• Common Liver Diseases:

  • Hepatitis (viral infections; transmission routes discussed)

  • Cirrhosis: chronic liver damage leading to scarring and liver failure.

• Diagnostic Tests: Liver function tests (LFTs), imaging studies, and liver biopsies.

Oral Health in the GI System

Oral Disorders

• Stomatitis: Inflammation or infection of the mouth.

  • Importance of oral hygiene to prevent infections and maintain oral health.

• Herpes Simplex: Affects many people and can lead to painful outbreaks.

• Oral Cancer: Regular dental visits needed to monitor for lesions or abnormalities.

Importance of Maintaining Oral Hygiene

• Educating patients on proper oral care practices, especially in vulnerable populations like older adults.

• Emphasis on brushing teeth, inspecting oral cavities for abnormalities, and preventing systemic infections.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

• Symptoms and Management:

  • Heartburn, regurgitation, and difficulty swallowing.

  • Risk factors include diet (e.g., spicy foods, alcohol), obesity, smoking, and chronic stress.

  • Management strategies involve dietary modifications and medications (e.g., PPIs).

Nursing Considerations

• Nurses play a crucial role in patient education regarding symptoms, management, and dietary considerations.

• Nurses should assess for and identify risk factors for GI disorders, manage medications, and promote healthy lifestyle choices.

Diarrhea and Its Complications

Definitions and Treatment

• Diarrhea: Excessive loose stools, classified as acute (lasting less than 7 days) or chronic (lasting longer).

  • Complications: dehydration, malnutrition, and electrolyte imbalances.

  • Treatment includes rehydration, dietary adjustments, and possible medications.

Special Cases and Considerations

Diverticulitis

• Causes: Formation of small pouches (diverticula) in the colon that can become inflamed or infected.

• Symptoms: Abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, or diarrhea.

• Treatment involves dietary changes (e.g., high fiber), antibiotics for infections, and possibly surgery.

Summary of Nutritional Factors

• Dietary recommendations for managing GI disorders:

  • High fiber intake for constipation and diverticulitis management.

  • Avoidance of irritants (e.g., alcohol, caffeine) in GERD patients.

Conclusion

• Understanding GI disorders involves a comprehensive approach that includes understanding anatomy, recognizing symptoms, and implementing effective nursing care and patient education on lifestyle modifications.