SG 11

STUDY GUIDE 

Ways of the World: A Brief Global History with Sources

Study Guide, (pp. 480-510)

Chapter 11, Empires in Collision

1. What were the four dimensions of European imperialism that showed how China, the Ottoman Empire, and Japan were active participants in the global drama of the 19^th C. world history and not merely passive victims or beneficiaries?

• militray might, policical ambitions of major imperial power

• netwrks of trade, investment and migration

• incorperatied of various aspects of tradtional europan culture

• engaged with the cultural of modernity

Reversal of Fortune: China’s Century of Crisis

2. In what ways was China a victim of its earlier success?  

• no industrial revolution

• unstable nonfunctional goverment

• more bandits and rebellions

3. What was the culmination of China’s internal crisis by 1850?  Why?

• overpopulation leading to unemployment and impoverment,misery and starvation

• tax rases/unemployment led to european military and unstable goverment

• declining dynasty
  
  
  

4. What did the revolutionary leaders insist on changing?(Taiping uprising)

• idealogy to christanity

• revolutionary change

• abolition of private property and racial redistribution of land, end of prositution
  
  

5. What destroyed the revolutionary rebels?

• thier independency from other groups

• uncooperativeness among eachother

• internal divison

• western military support and imperial armies
  
  
  
  
  

6. What were the consequences of saving the Qing Dynasty?

• delayed modernization

• weakened economy

• at expense of central state

• no resolution to peasent problems and for women

7. How did Western pressure stimulate change in China during the 19^th C. to its end?

• opium wars

• shift in silver consumption

• addicts

• unequal treaties
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

8. What strategies did China adopt to confront its various problems during the 1860s and 1870s?

• Self-Strengthening Movement

• Military Reforms

• education

• Efforts were made to modernize China's economy by promoting industries such as textiles, mining, and railroads.
  
  
  
  
  

9. Explain the Boxer Rebellion of 1900.

• anti foreign movement

• killed europeans and chinese christians

• seige on foriegn embassies

• western and japan enforced payment on china and remained under their control
  
  

The Ottoman Empire and the West in the Nineteenth Century

10. Why was the Ottoman Empire known as “The Sick Man of Europe”?

• unable to prevent it’s regions from falling under the control of christian powers
  
  
  
  
  
  

11. What two forces helped to diminish the size of the Ottoman Empire?

• french/british/austrian

• egypt
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

12. What were the political and economic problems of the Ottoman Empire?

Politically, 

• central state weakened(revenue), authorities and local landlords gained more power

• elite infentry units became to conservation inthe empire

• tech and military gap increased with the west
  

Economically, 

• commemerce centrality dimished

• capitalism granted westerners exemptions from ottoman law and taxation(facilitated economic penetration)

• indebtness led to reliance on foreign loans and finances

• dependent in europe(took over revenue-general system)
  
  
  
  
  
  

13. Compare Ottoman Empire reforms with China during the 19^th century.

O:

• defensive modernization, vigorous, sustainable

• no internal upheavel

• nationalist revolt

• leadership similar culture to population

• used European techniques to reform(armies)

• caused resistance but the ulama became more under state control Janissaries gone

• tanzimatleads to economic, social, legal leads to new centralized state(westernization)

• legal status changes for diverse communities(non-Muslim equal tolerance under law)
  
  China:

• timid, self strengthing

• internal upheavel

• peasent rebellion

• huge population growth

• manchu/foreign leadership
  
  

14. In what ways did the Ottoman state under Sultan Selim III try to reform itself in its attempt to modernize?  

• reorganize and update the army

• ulama under state control

• european styled army with modern weaponary

• foreign military advisers and military acedemics

15. Explain the “Young Ottomans” urgings of Islamic Modernism.

• westeren-styled educated

• political system itself

• european parliment

• preserve state from Europeans

• rejected materialism and embraced western technical and scientific knowledge

• thought islam could become modern without sacraficing anything
  
  
  
  

16. How did Sultan Abd al-Hamid II rule the Ottoman Empire (1876-1909) after he had taken office?

• suspened reforms

• older style of despotic rule

• resumed caliph status
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

17. What did the Young Turks do to oppose the revived despotism of the Sultan?

• abandoned any reference to Islam

• military secular life(modernizing with Europeans)

• radical secularization of schools, courts, and law code

• religious tolerance/freedom, elections, competing parties

• Turkish as official language of empire

• women rights to western standards
  
  
  

18. Compare the outcomes of China and the Ottoman Empire by the twentieth century.

The Japanese Difference: The Rise of a New East Asian Power

19. What was the chief task of the Tokugawa shogunate?     

• prevent a return of a civil war between feudal lords
  
  
  
  
  
  

20. Explain the role of the daimyo under the Tokagawa shogunate (1600-1850).

• autonomy in their domains(like independent states)

• separate military forces, laws, tax systems, currencies
  
  

21. With no national army, no uniform currency, and little central authority, how did the Tokugawa regime stabilize the country?

• issued highly detailed rules governing the occupation, residence, dress, hairstyles, and behavior of 4 hierarchal ranked social groups into which Japanese society was divided

• some social mobility

• merchants, peasants and artisans, samurai
  
  

22. In what ways was Japan changing during the Tokagawa era?

• samurai evolved into salaried bureaucratic or administrative class

• economic growth and agricultural innovations(rice)

• rural manufacturing enterprises

• most urbanized country

• emerging market economy with well functioning networks of exchanges

• literate population and encouraged education(Confucian)
  

  foundation for industrial growth
  

23. In what ways did the Japanese modernize under the Meiji restoration?  

• break from old ways

• national unity with central state and goverment

• everyone legally equal as commoners and subjects to the emperor

• limitations on travel and trade fell

• old ruling class abolished

• fascination with everything western and selective/alter to fit Japanese

• industrial with reliance in work force rather than machines(no foreign debt)
  

24. What was the view of those who directly experienced Japanese imperialism in Taiwan or Korea? 

• less positive views for its colonial policies exceeded brutality of European practices