Correction Pillar Examination

Correction Pillar

• Definition: A branch of the Criminal Justice System that focuses on the custody, supervision, and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
• Role in the Philippine Criminal Justice System: It is recognized as the 4th pillar that manages the information and rehabilitation of offenders, facilitating their reintegration into society through institutional or community-based programs.
• Scope: Encompasses all government agencies, facilities, programs, procedures, personnel, and techniques related to the investigation, intake, custody, confinement, supervision, and treatment of offenders.

Penology

• Definition: The study of criminal penalties and their impact on behavior.
• Etymology: Derived from Latin meaning "pain" or "suffering"; also known as Penal Science.
• Historical Figure: Coined by sociologist Francis Lieber, emphasizing punishment for criminal behavior.

Punishment

• Definition: A consequence for violating the law; involves suffering due to wrongdoing.
• Elements: Can entail physical pain and societal retribution against offenders.

Penalty

• Definition: A formal punishment imposed by the state on a person for law transgressions.
• Nature: Judicial punishment executed for crimes or violations of law.

Different Eras of Penology

1. Age of Reformation: Transition from corporal punishment and exile to penitentiary systems.
2. Age of Rehabilitation: Introduction of individual therapy aimed at healing psychological maladjustments.
3. Age of Reintegration: Focus on societal pressures exerted by social groups to regulate offender opportunities.

Traditional Purpose of Imprisonment

• Ensures the accused's presence during trials.
• Protects society from undesirable individuals.
• Administers punishment via confinement.

Forms of Punishment

1. Capital Punishment: Execution of an offender convicted of a serious crime; distinguished from extrajudicial killings.
2. Corporal Punishment: Physical punishment intended to inflict pain.
3. Public Humiliation: Dishonoring offenders in public as a form of punishment.
4. Imprisonment: Confinement in jails or prisons as the conventional punishment method.

Penal Management

• Definition: Refers to managing jails and prisons effectively for rehabilitation and custody of offenders.

Correctional Administration

• Definition: A system that encompasses the management of correctional facilities focused on custody, treatment, and rehabilitation of offenders.

Approaches of Correction in the Philippines

1. Institutional Corrections: Refers to methods of correction involving confinement in prisons or jails until rehabilitation readiness.
   • Definitions:
     • Jail: A temporary confinement facility for inmates awaiting trial.
     • Prison: National facilities for long-term confinement managed under the Department of Justice.
2. Non-Institutional Corrections: Community-based programs focusing on rehabilitation rather than punishment, using diverse correctional programs for offenders.

Non-Institutional Correction Programs

1. Diversion: Alternatives to formal court proceedings for offenders.
2. Intervention: Programs addressing underlying issues leading to offenses.
3. Restitution: Returning lost or stolen property to victims.
4. Probation: Granting offenders the privilege to remain in the community under supervision instead of confinement.
5. Parole: Conditional release of a prisoner after serving part of their sentence.
6. Pardon: An act of grace that releases a person from guilt or punishment.

Major Government Agencies

• Department of Justice (DOJ): Oversees national penitentiaries via Bureau of Corrections, administers parole and probation, and manages executive clemency.
• Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG): Supervises local jails through provincial governments and the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology.
• Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD): Manages youth rehabilitation centers for young offenders.

Classes of Prisoners

1. Insular/National Prisoner: Sentences longer than three years.
2. Provincial Prisoner: Sentences between six months and three years.
3. City Prisoner: Sentences from one day to three years.
4. Municipal Prisoner: Sentences from one day to six months.

Types of Detainees

1. Undergoing investigation.
2. Awaiting trial.
3. Awaiting final judgment.