Def. of abnormality p505 Medical perspective p507 Psychoanalytic perspective p507-508 Behavioral p508 Cognitive p508 Humanistic p508-509 Sociocultural p509 DSM 5 p510-511 Rosenhan and conning the classifiers p512 Anxiety and phobias p515 Panic p516 GAD P517 OCD P517 Somatic p519 Dissociative and DID p520 Mood disorders depression p521-522 Bipolar p523 Schizophrenia p525-526 Personality disorder definition p529 Anti-social p529 Borderline and narcissistic p530 ADHD and autism spectrum p531

• Definition of Abnormality (p. 505): Abnormality is typically defined by several criteria:

  • Deviation from the norm: Behavior that is statistically rare or violates social standards.

  • Maladaptiveness: Behavior that interferes with a person's ability to function in daily life.

  • Personal distress: Behavior that causes significant emotional pain and suffering.

• Medical Perspective (p. 507): The medical perspective views psychological disorders as diseases with biological causes, diagnosable symptoms, and potential cures, often involving medication or other medical treatments.

• Psychoanalytic Perspective (p. 507-508): This perspective, rooted in Freud's theories, suggests that psychological disorders arise from unresolved unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences. Treatment involves bringing these conflicts into conscious awareness through techniques like free association and dream analysis.

• Behavioral Perspective (p. 508): The behavioral perspective explains abnormal behavior as learned responses to environmental stimuli. It emphasizes the role of conditioning (classical and operant) and observational learning in the development and maintenance of disorders. Therapy focuses on unlearning maladaptive behaviors and learning new, adaptive ones through techniques like exposure therapy and behavior modification.

• Cognitive Perspective (p. 508): This perspective focuses on how cognitive processes, such as thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes, contribute to psychological disorders. Maladaptive thinking patterns can lead to distorted perceptions and emotional distress. Cognitive therapy aims to identify and change these negative thought patterns.

• Humanistic Perspective (p. 508-509): The humanistic perspective emphasizes the individual's potential for growth, self-actualization, and free will. Psychological disorders arise when individuals experience barriers to self-understanding and personal growth. Therapy focuses on creating a supportive environment that fosters self-exploration and acceptance.

• Sociocultural Perspective (p. 509): This perspective examines how social and cultural factors, such as gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and cultural norms, influence the development and expression of psychological disorders. It highlights the importance of considering the individual within their social context.

• DSM-5 (p. 510-511): The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a standardized classification system used by mental health professionals to diagnose psychological disorders. The DSM-5 provides specific criteria for each disorder, including symptoms, duration, and impairment in functioning.

• Rosenhan and Conning the Classifiers (p. 512): David Rosenhan's study demonstrated the potential for diagnostic labeling to influence perceptions of normal behavior. In this study, pseudo patients were admitted to psychiatric hospitals after reporting hearing voices, and their subsequent normal behavior was interpreted as symptoms of mental illness.

• Anxiety and Phobias (p. 515): Anxiety disorders are characterized by excessive worry, fear, and avoidance behavior. Phobias are intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations.

• Panic Disorder (p. 516): Panic disorder involves recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, characterized by intense fear and physical symptoms such as heart palpitations, sweating, and dizziness. Individuals with panic disorder often experience anticipatory anxiety about future attacks.

• Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) (p. 517): GAD is characterized by persistent, excessive worry about a variety of topics. Individuals with GAD find it difficult to control their worry and often experience physical symptoms such as muscle tension and fatigue.

• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) (p. 517): OCD involves recurrent, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) that cause anxiety and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) that individuals feel driven to perform in response to the obsessions.

• Somatic Symptom Disorder (p. 519): Somatic symptom disorder involves physical symptoms that cause significant distress and impairment, often accompanied by excessive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to the symptoms.

• Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) (p. 520): DID, formerly known as multiple personality disorder, is characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states that recurrently take control of the individual's behavior. It often results from severe trauma during childhood.

• Mood Disorders: Depression (p. 521-522): Depression is a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms may include changes in appetite, sleep disturbances, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating.

• Bipolar Disorder (p. 523): Bipolar disorder involves alternating periods of depression and mania. Mania is characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, racing thoughts, and impulsive behavior.

• Schizophrenia (p. 525-526): Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior. Symptoms may include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, and social withdrawal.

• Personality Disorder Definition (p. 529): Personality disorders are enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that deviate markedly from the expectations of an individual's culture, are inflexible and pervasive, and lead to distress or impairment.

• Antisocial Personality Disorder (p. 529): Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a disregard for the rights of others, impulsivity, deceitfulness, and a lack of remorse.

• Borderline Personality Disorder (p. 530): Borderline personality disorder is characterized by instability in relationships, self-image, and emotions, as well as impulsivity and fear of abandonment.

• Narcissistic Personality Disorder (p. 530): Narcissistic personality disorder is characterized by a sense of grandiosity, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy.

• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (p. 531): ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Symptoms may include difficulty sustaining attention, fidgeting, excessive talking, and interrupting others.

• Autism Spectrum Disorder (p. 531): Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication and interaction, as well as restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. Symptoms vary widely in severity and may include difficulties with social reciprocity, nonverbal communication, and forming relationships. Individuals with ASD may also exhibit repetitive movements, insistence on sameness, and sensory sensitivities.