The motion of the heavenly bodies fascinated many ancient cultures because they believed they had an impact on what happened on Earth.
The astral rhythms were carefully observed by the ancients, who calculated how the seasons fit into this calendar.
By 2700 BCE, Sumer, one of the earliest Mesopotamian cities, had created the first calendar, which had 354 days.
By 1400 BCE, China had created a calendar that was remarkably similar to the one we use today.
The Maya people of Central America created an incredibly precise calendar based on a widely recognized event, such as the birth of Christ, that could predict eclipses and planetary conjunctions.
In the sixth century CE, Dionysius Exiguous developed the modern dating method.
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Before the Bronze Age, copper smelting started in Catal Huyuk.
But around 4000 BCE, the first bronze was made by people in northern Thailand.
Around 2200 BCE, the first bronze foundry was established in China.
By 1200 BCE, the Hittites in western Asia had mastered the art of making iron, and ironwork was also well-known in central Africa.
By 500 BCE, the iron age had spread to China. Because iron was easier to produce than bronze, it was quickly used extensively in both farming and warfare.
Around 200 BCE, the Andes region saw the development of gold smelting, which was primarily used for jewelry.
After 600 CE, cultures in the Western Hemisphere also started to process copper and silver, but never iron or bronze.
Around 1100 BCE, the Chavan culture of the Andes was where rubber was first discovered.
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Writing was first created by people in the Near East. They used animal skins, papyrus and clay tablets.
The earliest surviving writing in China was discovered incised on animal bones, turtle shells, and bronze objects.
Around the beginning of the Common Era, the Chinese developed paper, a material that was much less expensive than silk and more portable than clay tablets or metal.
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The mathematical and scientific speculative fields have benefited greatly from the contributions of Western civilizations.
Around 3000 BCE, the Near East developed the abacus, demonstrating a fascination with numbers, mathematics, and the sciences.
Pythagoras (500 BCE), a well-known scientist, also developed both scientific and illogical theories about the nature of the physical universe in addition to discovering useful triangle-related information.
Geometrical insights from Euclid (300 BCE) are still studied today.
Aristarchus, a Greek mathematician, used Euclid's theory to calculate the distance between the Sun and the Moon.
Archimedes, in turn, calculated pi and created tools like the lever and the pulley.
Before Galileo during the European Renaissance, Greek astronomers made observations and inferences that were unmatched.
Chinese mathematicians invented the magnetic compass (1 CE), "negative numbers" (100 CE), and the north-south and east-west parallels in maps (265 CE), among other innovations. They were the first to use exponential formulas and scientific notation (200 BCE).
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