Psychosocial Development and Nursing Process
Psychosocial Development
Definition: Psychosocial refers to one's psychological development influenced by the social environment.
Cultural Competence
Importance: The ability of healthcare providers to effectively care for clients with diverse beliefs and cultural backgrounds.
Key Aspects:
Understanding transitions across various ethnicities and cultural identities.
Acknowledging biological and genetic similarities within ethnic groups.
Definitions of Key Terms
Culture: A complex system encompassing specific beliefs, values, norms, and behaviors shared within a group of individuals.
Clinical Considerations
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
Definition: A diverse range of practices and treatments not typically included in standard medical care.
Examples: Vitamins, supplements, various therapies, meditation.
Relevance to healthcare: Provides meaning and additional options for patient treatment.
Lifespan Considerations for Pediatric CAM
Focus on children with ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder).
Address dietary, psychological, and behavioral considerations in treatment plans.
Dietary Supplements
Definition: Non-herbal dietary supplements used to enhance various bodily functions, often derived from plants or animals.
Speciality supplements typically aim to improve cognitive performance or lessen conditions such as anxiety.
Regulatory Framework
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA): Established guidelines for regulating dietary supplements to ensure safety and efficacy.
Importance of preventing risks to public health through regulations.
Medication Context
Nursing Process Framework
Overview: The systematic approach forming the foundation of nursing practice, embodied in the five overlapping phases, which include:
Assess: Identifying and evaluating cues.
Diagnose: Clinical judgment regarding health conditions.
Plan: Establishing goals and interventions.
Implement: Carrying out the planned interventions.
Evaluate: Analyzing the effectiveness of the interventions.
Table Reference: See Table 6.1 on page 64, Chapter 6 for further details.
Nursing Diagnosis
Distinction: Differentiate between medical diagnosis and nursing diagnosis.
Nursing diagnosis: Clinical judgment based on actual or potential health issues.
Importance of understanding both subjective data (what patients report) and objective data (measurable information).
Patient Education
Key component: Ensuring patient comprehension of their diagnosis and treatment plan, especially when receiving new drug treatments.
Essential for preventing medication errors, which are considered any preventable events leading to improper use of medications.
Medication Errors
Definition: Incidents leading to misuse or misadministration of medication while under healthcare control.
Factors contributing to errors:
Incorrect dosages.
Lack of communication with pharmacists.
Poor record-keeping in the Medication Administration Record (MAR).
Importance of the MAR in maintaining comprehensive patient information including allergies and medication history.
Sentinel Events
Definition: Unexpected incidents resulting in serious outcomes such as death or long-term health issues following medication administration.
Medication Reconciliation
Process: Tracking and validating medications during patient transitions between care settings (e.g., discharge or transfers).
E-prescribing
Definition: The electronic transmission of prescription information between providers and pharmacies.
Risk Management in Healthcare
Role of Risk Management Departments
Functions: Examining risk factors and developing strategies to minimize medication errors.
Teratogens
Definition: Substances or organisms that adversely affect fetal and embryonic development, potentially leading to permanent abnormalities or death.
Preimplantation Period: First two weeks after conception—initial stage.
Embryonic Period: Weeks 3-8 post-conception, characterized by rapid development of structures.
Fetal Period: Weeks 8-40 post-conception, where growth continues until birth.
Holistic Approach
Definition: Recognizes individuality in healthcare, considering physical, mental, and cultural factors for comprehensive patient care.