Rousseau, Discourse on the Origin of Inequality (1)

Discourse on the Origin of Inequality by Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Overview of Content

• Title: A Discourse on a Subject Proposed by the Academy of Dijon: What is the Origin of Inequality Among Men, and is it Authorised by Natural Law?

• Author: Jean-Jacques Rousseau

• Translation: G. D. H. Cole (1754)

• Context: Addressed to the Republic of Geneva, explores natural versus moral inequality.

Key Concepts

Dedication to the Republic of Geneva

• Rousseau reflects on the role of virtuous citizens and their relationship to society and governance.

• Expresses a desire for a government where citizens are just as equally empowered under the law.

• Discusses the ideal state of governance as one where there is no distinction between the sovereign and the subjects, proposing a democratic model.

Definitions of Inequality

• Natural Inequality: Physical differences such as age, health, strength, and intelligence as determined by nature.

• Moral or Political Inequality: Created by social conventions; privileges some individuals over others.

• Asserts that natural inequality exists but doesn't justify moral inequality.

Philosophical Discussions

State of Nature

• Rousseau argues that in the original state of nature, individuals were inherently equal and that inequalities developed through societal progression.

• Critique of Philosophers: Many philosophers claim to understand the state of nature without actually defining it or returning to that state for study.

• Humanity's Greatness and Flaws: Reflects on how civilization has altered man's condition, often leading to vice and moral degradation.

Development of Civil Society

• Rousseau explores the transition from a natural state to a structured society, emphasizing how this shift led to inequality.

• Discusses the role of agriculture and metallurgy in prompting societal changes and the emergence of property.

• Criticism of Property: The first man to claim ownership of land initiated significant inequality, leading to competition, jealousy, conflicts, and breaks in natural liberty.

Impacts and Consequences of Society

Effects of Inequality

• Society breeds competition and envy, altering natural compassion into rivalry and selfishness.

• Civic Virtue vs. Individual Gain: Rousseau argues that the flourishing of society comes at the expense of individual morals and natural rights.

• Individuals become dependent on societal constructs, losing their innate freedoms and individuality.

Contradictions of Civilization

• Examines the paradox whereby civilization, intended to improve human existence, leads instead to a degradation of the human spirit and increased inequalities.

• Describes the artificial aspirations and desires created within society, leading to a dependence on external validation and property.

Conclusion of Discourse

• Rousseau argues for a reconsideration of what constitutes human happiness and virtue, suggesting that the natural state offers a more fulfilling existence than a corrupted civilized society.

• Call to Action: Encourages a return to simpler living and natural rights, emphasizing that both individual and societal health can be achieved through recognition of inherent human equality.