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Anatomy One Lab Review: Midterm Prep

Anatomy One Lab Review Notes

Chapter 1: Planes, Positions, and Body Cavities

  • Planes of the Body:

    • Coronal (Frontal) Plane: Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

    • Transverse (Horizontal) Plane: Divides the body into superior (up) and inferior (down) portions.

    • Midsagittal (Median) Plane: Divides the body into equal right and left halves.

    • Parasagittal (Sagittal) Plane: Divides the body into unequal right and left halves.

  • Directional Terminology: Terms like proximal and distal will be used within test questions, but direct questions asking for opposites are not expected.

  • Anterior Body Cavities:

    • Thoracic Cavity: Superior to the diaphragm.

      • Divided into: left and right pleural cavities (housing the lungs), and the mediastinum (central compartment).

      • Pericardial Cavity: Located within the mediastinum, where the heart resides.

    • Abdominopelvic Cavity: Inferior to the diaphragm.

    • Diaphragm: The muscle that divides the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

  • Serous Membranes (Lining Anterior Body Cavities):

    • Visceral Lining: The membrane covering the organ itself (viscera).

    • Parietal Lining: The membrane lining the inside wall of the body cavity.

    • Potential Space: The space between the parietal and visceral linings, containing serous fluid to reduce friction.

  • Dorsal Body Cavity:

    • Cranial Cavity: Contains the brain.

    • Vertebral Cavity: Contains the spinal cord.

    • These are often tested using models or pictures.

  • Abdominal Quadrants and Regions: Review the right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant, and the nine distinct regions of the abdominal cavity. While mentioned for review, they are less likely to be on the practical exam.

Microscope

  • Microscope Identification: Be prepared to identify all parts of the microscope on the test.

    • Key parts include: coarse adjustment knob, fine adjustment knob, stage, substage light source, condenser, iris diaphragm, objective lenses, rotating nosepiece, ocular lenses (eyepieces), arm, and base.

  • Total Magnification Calculation:

    • Calculated by multiplying the magnification of the objective lens by the magnification of the ocular lens.\text{Total Magnification} = \text{Objective Lens Magnification} \times \text{Ocular Lens Magnification}

    • The ocular lens typically provides 10 imes magnification.

    • Example: For a 4 imes objective lens, total magnification is 4 \times 10 = 40 \times (minimal magnification).

    • Maximum Magnification: Typically 100 \times objective lens, resulting in 100 \times 10 = 1000 \times. For example, an oil immersion lens at 100 \times

  • Microscope Concepts:

    • Field of View: Decreases in size as magnification increases.

    • Working Distance: The distance between the objective lens and the slide on the stage. Working distance decreases as magnification increases because objective lenses become larger.

  • Review Topics: Magnification, resolution (the ability to distinguish between two close objects), and contrast (achieved through dyes or adjusted lighting).

  • Controlling Light: The light intensity can be changed using the substage light control, the voltage on/off switch, and the condenser control knob.

The Cell

  • Cellular Structures: Be able to identify the following on a cell model:

    • Phospholipid bilayer, plasma membrane, nuclear membrane/envelope, nuclear pores.

  • Organelles (within Cytoplasm):

    • Mitochondria: Produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the cell's energy currency.

    • Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis; can be free-floating or embedded in the endoplasmic reticulum (forming the rough ER).

    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Network of membranes; rough ER has ribosomes, smooth ER does not.

    • Golgi Bodies (Golgi Apparatus): Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.

    • Lysosomes and Peroxisomes: While present, distinguishing between them on the model is not typically required.

  • Nucleus: Be able to identify:

    • Chromatin: The complex of DNA and proteins, where our genetic material (DNA) is located.

    • Nucleoli (singular: Nucleolus): Dense bodies within the nucleus involved in ribosome synthesis.

    • Note: Spell \"nucleus\" and \"nucleoli\" correctly.

  • Cell Division (Mitosis):

    • Chromosomes: Only visible (condensed) when the cell is dividing.

    • Interphase: The stage before mitosis begins. Characterized by the presence of a visible nuclear membrane.

    • Mitosis Stages:

      • Prophase: The nuclear membrane disappears, centrioles move to opposite poles, and chromosomes become visible (each consisting of two sister chromatids joined by a centromere).

      • Metaphase: Chromosomes, still composed of sister chromatids, align along the metaphase plate (equator) of the cell. Mitotic spindles extend from the centrioles and attach to the kinetochore region on each centromere.

      • Anaphase: The centromeres duplicate, and sister chromatids separate, pulling apart towards opposite poles of the cell via the mitotic spindles. The transcript mentions \"late anaphase\" as the stage when an invagination or cleavage begins to occur.

      • Telophase: The nuclear membrane reforms around the two sets of chromosomes at opposite poles. The cleavage furrow deepens, and the cell begins to divide into two daughter cells. The original parent cell returns to interphase.

    • Cytokinesis: The division of the cytoplasm and its organelles, typically occurring during late anaphase and telophase. Mitosis specifically refers to the division of the DNA and nucleus.

Histology (Tissues)

  • Microscope Identification: Expect to view histological slides through microscopes to identify tissues.

  • Epithelium (Coverings and Linings):

    • Recognize epithelium by the presence of a \"void\" or blank space it lines.

    • Cell Shapes:

      • Squamous: Flat, scale-like cells.

      • Cuboidal: Cube-shaped cells.

      • Columnar: Tall, column-shaped cells.

    • Special Features:

      • Cilia: Hair-like projections on the surface of some columnar cells (e.g., ciliated columnar epithelium).

    • Number of Layers:

      • Simple: A single layer of cells.

      • Stratified: More than one layer of cells.

      • Transitional: A type of stratified epithelium capable of stretching (found in the bladder).

      • Pseudostratified: Appears to be stratified (multiple layers), but is actually a single layer of cells of varying heights.

  • Connective Tissue:

    • Loose Connective Tissue:

      • Areolar tissue: Widely distributed, loosely organized fibers.

      • Adipose tissue: Fat storage tissue.

      • Reticular tissue: Mentioned, but less likely to be on the exam.

    • Dense Connective Tissue:

      • Tendons: Connect muscle to bone.

      • Ligaments: Connect bone to bone.

      • Dense regular connective tissue: Looks similar to smooth muscle but is less likely to be explicitly tested.

  • Muscle Tissue: You will see slides for all three types.

    • Skeletal Muscle: Striated (striped) with multiple nuclei, voluntary control.

    • Cardiac Muscle: Striated, branched fibers, contains intercalated discs (dark lines between cells), typically one or two nuclei per cell, involuntary control.

    • Smooth Muscle: Non-striated, spindle-shaped cells, single nucleus, involuntary control.

  • Other Specialized Tissues:

    • Blood: Likely on microscope slides.

    • Sperm: Likely on microscope slides.

  • Bone Tissue:

    • Compact Bone: Typically identified via microscope.

      • Osteon (Haversian System): The fundamental functional unit of compact bone.

      • Central Canal (Haversian Canal): Runs longitudinally through the center of an osteon, containing blood vessels and nerves.

      • Lamellae: Concentric rings of bone matrix around the central canal.

      • Lacunae: Small spaces (holes) within the lamellae that house osteocytes (mature bone cells).

      • Canaliculi: Tiny canals radiating from the lacunae, providing nutrient and waste exchange pathways for osteocytes.

      • Perforating Canals (Volkmann's Canals): Run transversely (perpendicular) to the central canals, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the central canals and medullary cavity.

    • Cancellous Bone (Spongy Bone): Characterized by trabeculae and open spaces, also mentioned, but compact bone is a higher testing priority.

  • Cartilage:

    • Hyaline Cartilage: The most common type of cartilage, likely to be on the exam (e.g., found in articular surfaces of bones, trachea, nose).

Skin

  • Skin Layers:

    • Epidermis: The outermost layer, composed of five distinct sub-layers (though you do not need to name them). It is avascular.

    • Dermis: The layer beneath the epidermis, composed of two sub-layers (naming not required). Contains blood vessels, nerves, and accessory structures.

    • Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer): The deepest layer, rich in adipose tissue and blood vessels. Its presence of blood vessels helps identify this layer on models.

  • Structures to Identify on Skin Models/Pictures:

    • Hair Follicle: The structure from which hair grows.

    • Hair Root: The part of the hair embedded in the skin.

    • Hair Shaft: The visible part of the hair extending above the skin surface.

    • Arrector Pili Muscle: Small muscle attached to the hair follicle, causes \"goosebumps\" when contracted.

    • Sweat Glands (Sudoriferous Glands): Produce sweat for thermoregulation.

    • Oily Glands (Sebaceous Glands): Produce sebum (oil) to lubricate skin and hair.

    • Free Nerve Endings (Naked Dendrites): Detect pain and temperature.

    • Meissner Corpuscles: Light touch receptors, located in the dermal papillae.

    • Pacinian Corpuscles: Deep pressure and vibration receptors, located deeper in the dermis/hypodermis.

Bones (Introduction)

  • The transcript notes a transition to discussing bones after the skin review, but the detailed content stops before further bone specifics. This implies the exam will cover concepts from previous lectures on bones up to the axial and appendicular skeleton. Previous bone topics include compact bone identification (as covered in histology).