Untitled Flashcards Set

/Module 1: Introduction to Police Photography

Photography

• Definition: Photography comes from the Greek words “Phos” (light) and “grapho” (writing).

• Forensic: Derived from the Latin word “Forum,” meaning a public discussion space, often used interchangeably with legal contexts.

• Forensic Photography: The art or science of documenting a crime scene and evidence for analysis in court.

Photograph vs. Picture

• Photograph: A mechanical and chemical result of photography.

• Picture: From the Latin “Pictura,” meaning a painting; a generic term for any formed image, including paintings, drawings, or photographs.

Historical Development of Photography

A. Camera Obscura

• Latin for "darkroom"; the ancestor of modern cameras, using a small hole to admit light into a darkened room.

B. Johann Heinrich Schulze

• Discovered that silver salts turn black when exposed to sunlight, laying the groundwork for photography.

C. Joseph Nicephore Niepce

• Captured the first permanent photographic image using a process called Heliography.

D. Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre

• Invented the "daguerreotype process" in 1837, producing direct positive images on silver-coated copper plates.

E. William Henry Fox Talbot

• Developed the Talbotype technique, creating negative images on paper coated with silver chloride.

F. Frederick Scott Archer

• Invented the Collodion Process, reducing exposure time to two to three seconds.

G. JC Maxwell

• Produced the first color photograph.

H. Richard Leach Maddox

• Invented the gelatin dry plate silver bromide process, allowing for delayed development of negatives.

I. George Eastman

• Patented the Kodak roll-film camera.

J. Hannibal Goodwin

• Patented celluloid photographic film.

K. Dr. Rodolphe Archibald Reiss

• Founded the academic forensic science program at the University of Lausanne.

L. Edwin Herbert Land

• Created the Polaroid camera, introducing one-step instant photography in 1973.

M. Thomas Wedgewood

• Discovered that Silver Chloride is more sensitive than Silver Nitrate for image recording.

N. John Herschel

• Coined the term photography and introduced the concepts of negative and positive images.

O. Daniel Barbaro

• Introduced the use of lenses in cameras.

P. Sir Isaac Newton

• Discovered that white light is the strongest light.

Q. Nadar

• Took the first aerial photographs of Paris in 1858.

R. Wilhelm Roentgen

• Discovered X-ray photography, foundational for medical radiography.

S. Louis Desirie Blanquart Evard

• Introduced albumen-coated printing paper for glossy surfaces.

T. Odelbercht

• Advocated for photography in criminal identification and evidence documentation.

U. Alphonse Bertillon

• Initiated anthropometric measurements for personal identification.

V. Dr. R.A Reis

• Established the earliest crime laboratory for academic and police use.

W. Victor Baltazard

• Developed methods for photographic comparison of bullets and cartridge cases.

X. Gabriel Lippman

• Won the Nobel Prize for his method of color photography based on interference.

Principles of Photography

• A photograph is a mechanical and chemical result of photography.

Photography

• Police Photography is an art or science that deals with the study of the principles of photography, the reproduction of photographic evidence, and its application to police work.

Forensic Photography

• Forensic Photography is an art and science that deals with the study of the notion of photography, its application to law enforcement work, and the preparation of photographs for court presentation.

• The process involves photographing crime scenes or any other objects for court presentation.

Importance of Forensic Photography

• It presents minute details of the crime scene.

• It is a permanent record of the crime scene.

• It aids the investigator in describing in court details of the crime scene that he investigated several months ago.

• It assists the investigator in solving crimes.

Types of Photography

Macro Photography

• The art or process of photographing an object at greater than $1:1$ ratio up to nine times magnification.

Micro Photography

• The art or process of photographing minute objects, magnified by means of a microscope, and enlarged from $10$ times up.

Ultra Violet Photography

• The art or process of photographing unseen objects by the naked eye using ultraviolet rays and filters.

Infrared Photography

• The art or process of photographing or recording unseen objects by the naked eye using infrared light.

X-ray Photography

• The process of photographing or recording the internal structure of the body.

Aerial Photography

• A kind of photography applied for photo mapping.

Underwater Photography

• Photographing things underwater.

Flash Photography

• A technique whereby exposures are made with illumination from one or more flashes.

Mug Shot Photography

• The process of taking photographs of suspects in full length, half body, right and left side views, and two quarter views. It is usually used for personal identification, which is the first use of photography in police work.

Evidence Photography

• Many valuable articles of evidence can be found at the crime scene. Each object can be photographed individually and in relation to other objects at the scene.

Evidence Photography

• Shoe prints or tire impressions should be photographed BEFORE the addition of a scale or label.

Procedure of Taking Photographs at the Crime Scene

1. General View or Long Range View

2. Medium View or Mid-Range View

3. Close-up Shot

4. Extreme Close-up Shot

• "Ephemeral electronic communication" refers to telephone conversations, text messages, chatroom sessions, streaming audio, streaming video, and other electronic forms of communication the evidence of which is not recorded or retained.