Note
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Untitled Flashcards Set
French and Indian War
9 year conflict between Great Britain and its Native American Colonies and NA allies against France and it’s NA allies
Causes : land, fur trade, Britain fear of papal control by the French
Result : French lost all land in NA ( kept some small islands in Caribbean and 2 in Newfoundland )
GB acquired Canada; Spain gained Louisiana because they lost Florida to GB
AKA = 7 year war ( another name for the war )
GB = Iroquois
French = Algonquin and Huron
GB = claimed all land west of the App Mts. to Miss. River; but the French had been in control with outpost but also NAs lived there for years
French = Roman Catholic
British = Protestant
1756 : GB officially declares war on FR and the war starts in Europe
George Washington ( GW ) was sent to navigate boundaries with FR
Virginia colonial troops with GW go to Fort Duquesne
Pittsburgh engaged in battle when GW pulls back to Fort Necessity
War end with the Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Paris on February 10, 1763
Short term : FR lost all the land to BR
Spain gives Florida to BR and in return BR gives Spain all land west of the Miss River ( 1st came into war under FR )
Albany Company
During FR and IN war
Albany Plan :
- unite all colonies under 1 government
- create alliance with NA
Benjamin Franklin
Gets shot down
Unite or die
Proclamation of 1763
Senecas, Delaware, Shawnees, Ottawas, Minus, and Huron inhabited the Ohio River Valley
FR traded peacefully with NA but BR wanted to remove them and take over the land —-- BR and NA crashed – Pontiac's War
- short but left marks
Proclamation Line
Imaginary line along the crest of the App Mts
Colonist were not to cross and settle west of the line
Settlers already west had to come back to the other side immediately
Meant to protect the Natives in the area
BR sends 10,000 troops to enforce it
Most soldiers stay in colonial cities instead of going west
Angered the colonist because they had to pay for these troops
Many settlers ignored the proclamation - Daniel Boone : journey through Kentucky engaging in battles with Natives but also making friend with many
Tax Acts
Sugar Act
BR is in dept bc of the FR and IN war - BR citizens were paying high taxes and many thought the colonist should chip in
BR prime minister George Grencille made small increases that he thought the colonist would not
1764 : the Sugar Act would replace the molasses Act of 1733
Taxed molasses, wines, sugar, coffee and cloth
The tax actually decreased from 6 pence to 3 pence but it included more items then before and strictly enforced breaking down on smuggling and bribing
Postwar colonial depression due to free wartime spending made tax hurt even more
“No taxation without representation” - colonial leaders knew that parliament seats would be politically meaningless - make a bigger gap between colonies and mother country
Protest and boycotts were good but not the effect that was needed
Reflected Parliament's power to trade
Stamp Act
Tax everything from newspaper, legal documents, almonaces, to dice
Items needed the stamp to show the tax had been paid for
Already implemented in BR and other countries to raise money
BR had never required AM colonist to pay
Colonist united in protest against the Stamp Act but because of taxation in general
Rocks were thrown at agents others were tarred and feathered
BR was shocked/confused as to why the colonist were upset - BR citizens paid lower taxes
Direct tax so the protest was louder and more violent- esp. Boston
Gov. Thomas Hutchinson of NY’s house was destroyed as well as the home of the stamp officer in charge
Boycott of stamps and then all BR goods - economic warfare hot BR merchants hardest – 1766 law is repealed
Townshend Act
George Grenville and Charles Townshed argue over taxing the colonist
Taxed glass, paper, paint, led, and tea
Tax was low but the principal of taxation still made colonist protest
Custom Officials coils now search cargo ships without reason, to stop smuggling -> writs of assistance
Colonial merchants agree to stop importing goods taxed by the TA
Son/Daughters of Liberty
- staged mock hangings (BR officials hung in effigy)
- parades, petitions, boycott of special clothes - raise own sheep, prepare, weave, and spin own cloth
- Sam Adams : rebel
Boston Massacre
March 5, 1770 : cold night, ice
Paul Revere
Propaganda - spreading of ideas that help a cause or hurt an opposing cause
Crispus Attucks : one of the 1st casualties of the Rev. War- most famous - but did he die 1st or was he an instigator?
Sam Adams vs John Adams
Would a war have started without these shots?
Dispute over Tea
Tea was very popular
Brought by the British East India Company
Tea Act 1773 :
- Let the BEI Co bypass colonial tea merchants and sell directly to colonist - cost less than before
- colonist protested - Am tea merchants were mad because they had been cut from the trade
- also thought it was a trick or sign to make them accept parliament’s right to tax the colonist
- d of l served coffee or made Liberty Tea
S of l wouldn’t allow BEI co to unload ships
Boston Tea Party
Late Nov 1773 : ships with tea in harbor ready to unload
Dec 16 : Sam Adamsa and S of L meet and decide to make demands for ships to leave
Group of men enter in Indian ( Mohawk ) outfits
Boarded ships, split tea chest and by 10 pm, 342 chests of tea floated in the harbor
Intolerable Acts
Punish mass
Four laws all harsh
Boston Harbor shut down - closed until tea paid for
No town meetings more than once a year / year w/o governor’s permission and juries selected by king’s officials
Custom officials and other officials could be tired for crimes in BR and Canada rather than Mass
Quartering Act - colonist had to house BR officials if there was no where else for them to stay
Parliament response : rejected appeals of the CC
- pass a New England restraining Act
- limit colonial trade to only Eng / Caribbean
- allow military to enforce coercive acts
- hoping they stop/won’t resist
First Colonial Congress
Philadelphia
Delegates of 12 colonies ( GA not there )
Resolution back to MA : boycott British goods, stop exporting goods to BR until IA repealed
Militias established
Agreed to meet again in May 1775
Spectrums of feelings : patriots, neutral, loyalists, radicals, moderates, conservatives, complete break, wait and see, sat loyal
All agree that coercive acts were too much
1st CC creates the D of I
Laws violate rights of Englishmen
Tell colonist to start arming themselves and form militias
Both sides begin preparing for war
Lexington / Concord
BR troops in Boston have 2 goals : arrest patriot leader in/around Boston and capture military
Minuteman began preparing
Gen Thomas Gage ( BR ) knew that minutemen were strong arms in Concord - surprise attack
700 troops leave Boston
S of L watched BR troops leave Boston
One if by land 2 if by sea ( Charles River ) old North Church
3 messengers left to tell Concord ( Revere, Dawes, Prescott )
Second Continental Congress
War
BR reach Lexington and 70 MM there - MM outnumbered so they leave BUT someone shot and 8 colonist are dead
BR pushed onto Concord
No arms in village - go back to Boston
Meet 300 MM - BR retreats ( 73 dead/200 wounded/missing )
95 patriot casualties
S of L made this into a Battle
8th Chapter 5 Events leading up to the Revolutionary War Study Guide
1.Confederation of 6-7 tribes that sided with the British during the French and Indian War
Iroquis
2. French owned structure showcasing ownership of land within the Ohio River Valley and today’s city, Pittsburgh
Fort Duquesne
3. Taxed sugar, molasses, wines, cloth, etc. and replaced the Sugar and Molasses Act of 1733
Sugar Act
4. Imaginary line along the Appalachian Mountains forbidding colonists to move west for their protection and that of the Native Americans
Proclamation Line of 1763
5. Legal documents that allowed British customs officials to board ships in search of smuggled goods
Writs of Assistance
6. The shot heard round; the die is cast
Shot that started the Lexington and Concord battle, which led to the Revolutionary War.
7. Treaty signed by the British, French, and Native Americans ending the French and Indian War in America
Treaty of Paris
8. doll figures representing tax collectors or hated British officials
Effigy
9. General during the French and Indian War who was stubborn and had little North American forest fighting experience
Edward Braddock
10. Patriots who were known for their ability to be ready at a moment’s notice
Minutemen
11. Organization that boycotted all British goods, made their own clothes, and served liberty tea
Daughters of Liberty
12. Area of high demand because of its fertile land and transportation system
The Ohio River Valley
13. Rebel leader of the Sons of Liberty
Sam Adams
14. Bold young leader forced to surrender and retreat at the battle of Ft. Necessity
George Washington
15. Tax on legal documents, cards, dice, newspapers, and etc; direct tax on colonists
Stamp Act
16. Ottawa Chief who fought against the British over land and was one reason for the Proclamation Line
Pontiac
17. Organization led by Sam Adams and fought to rid the colonies of the British through protests and effigy hangings
Sons of Liberty
18. Refusal to buy certain goods and services
boycott
19. After the French and Indian War they lost all lands in America
French
20. After the French and Indian War they received all land west of the Mississippi River
Spanish
21. Taxed goods such as paper, glass, paint, lead, and tea; allowed customs officials to search a ship’s cargo without reason
Townshend Act
22. Those who supported the British government
Loyalist
23. City where 12 delegates gathered for the first Continental Congress
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
24. Cut American tea merchants out of the tea trade; colonists felt it was a trick to show British parliament’s right to tax the colonists
Tea Act
25. Allowed soldiers to stay in colonists’ homes if no other place was available
Quartering Act
26. Total of four acts that punished the Boston following the Boston Tea Party
Boston Port Act
Massachusetts Government Act
Administration of Justice Act
Quartering Act.
27. This patriot’s sketching has caused disagreement amongst historians concerning the true events of the night of March 5, 1770
Paul Revere
28. Spreading of ideas to hurt an opposing cause or to help a personal cause
Propaganda
29. Legal documents set up through the Townshend Acts to allow customs officials board ships to stop smuggling and collect taxes
Writs of assistance
30. Men who gained recognition as minutemen and members of the Sons of Liberty warning the city of Concord of the British advancement
Paul Revere, William Dawes, and Samuel Prescott
31. Letter writing campaign started by Sam Adams stir up emotions after the Boston Massacre
32. Patriot who is considered to be the first person to die at the Boston Massacre
Crispus Attucks
33. New England Restraining Act
A British law that severely restricted trade for the New England colonies, forcing them to only trade with Great Britain and prohibiting them from fishing in the North Atlantic, essentially aiming to punish the region for growing resistance to British rule and further pushing them towards the American Revolution
34. Coercive Acts
Boston Harbor shut down - closed until tea paid for
No town meetings more than once a year / year w/o governor’s permission and juries selected by king’s officials
Custom officials and other officials could be tired for crimes in BR and Canada rather than Mass
Quartering Act - colonist had to house BR officials if there was no where else for them to stay
Parliament response : rejected appeals of the CC
- pass a New England restraining Act
- limit colonial trade to only Eng / Caribbean
- allow military to enforce coercive acts
- hoping they stop/won’t resist
35. Declaratory Act
Declaratory Act, (1766), declaration by the British Parliament that accompanied the repeal of the Stamp Act. It stated that the British Parliament's taxing authority was the same in America as in Great Britain. Parliament had directly taxed the colonies for revenue in the Sugar Act (1764) and the Stamp Act (1765).
36. Tea Act
Tea Act. By reducing the tax on imported British tea, this act gave British merchants an unfair advantage in selling their tea in America. American colonists condemned the act, and many planned to boycott tea.
37. Vocab from Chapter 5
Prohibited - forbidden or barred
Revenue - income
Writs of assistance - document that allowed officers to search almost anywhere for smuggled goods
Violated - break or fail to comply
Resolution - formal expression of an opinion
Effigies - stuffed figures
Boycott - refuse to buy or do something
Repeal - cancel
Rebellion - rejection of British authority
Propaganda - information designed to influence opinion
Committee of correspondence - group used in early protest
Minutemen - patriots who were alert and ready to fight
Loyalists - people or groups who sided with Britain
Patriots - people or groups who supported war
Petition - a formal request
Preamble - introduce to something
38. Rex v Wemms
BR troops in Boston have 2 goals : arrest patriot leader in/around Boston and capture military
Minuteman began preparing
Gen Thomas Gage ( BR ) knew that minutemen were strong arms in Concord - surprise attack
700 troops leave Boston
S of L watched BR troops leave Boston
One if by land 2 if by sea ( Charles River ) old North Church
3 messengers left to tell Concord ( Revere, Dawes, Prescott )
39. John Adams and Sam Adams
We identified 6-ish items that led to the Revolutionary War plus the battles of Lexington and Concord and the first continental congress.
What did North America look like before and after the French and Indian War--who controlled what lands?
Before :
France controlled a vast territory in North America, primarily encompassing the lands around the Great Lakes, the Mississippi River valley, and parts of Canada,
British colonies were concentrated along the eastern coast;
After :
Great Britain gained control of nearly all French territory in North America east of the Mississippi River, including Canada, while Spain received the Louisiana territory west of the Mississippi.
Colonist were prevented from moving too far west and many wanted to claim land in the Ohio River Valley