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AP Environmental Science: Unit 5 Review - Land and water Use
AP Environmental Science: Unit 5 Review - Land and water Use
Tragedy of the Commons
- suggests that individuals will use shared resources in their own self interest rather than keeping with the common good, resulting in resource depletion
- "area used by everyone but regulated by no one"
Agricultural Practices
- agricultural practices that can cause environmental damage include tilling, slash-and-burn farming, irrigation, and the use of fertilizers
- clearcutting - economically advantageous but leads to soil erosion, increased soil and water temperatures, flooding
The Green Revolution
- The Green Revolution started a shift to new agricultural strategies and practices in order to produce food production
- mechanization - pros: efficient $, easy cons: fossil fuel uses, combustion, extraction
- monoculture - pros: easy, fertilizer, same pests cons: 1 plant type, loss of biodiversity, habitat, genetics
- artificial fertilizer - pros: high yield, easy cons: runoff, eutrophication
- artificial pesticide - pros: high yield, easy cons: health, evolution of pests
- irrigation - pros: maximum yield, customize cons: deplete freshwater
Irrigation Methods
- the largest human use of freshwater is for irrigation
- flood irrigation - involves flooding an agricultural field with water, about 20% of the water lost to evaporation and runoff
- furrow irrigation - involves cutting furrows between crop rows and filling them with water, inexpensive about ⅓ of the water is lost
- spray irrigation - involves pumping groundwater into spray nozzles across an agricultural field, only ¼ or less of the water lost to evaporation or runoff, more expensive and requires more energy to run
- drip irrigation - uses perforated hoses to release small amounts of water to plant roots, only about 5% of the water lost, this system is expensive and so is not often used
Pest Control Methods
- a consequence of using common pest-control methods such as pesticides is that organisms can become resistant to them
- crops can be genetically engineered to increase their resistance to pests and disease, using genetically modified crops, this can lead to loss of genetic diversity
Integrated Pest Management
- integrated pest management - combination of methods used to effectively control pest species while minimizing the disruption to the environment
- biological - introduction of natural pest predators
- physical - barriers that protect crops
- chemical - poison that kills pests
- crop rotation and intercropping
Meat Production
- it takes approximately 20 times more land to produce the same amount of calories from meat as from plants
- CAFOs - concentrated animal feeding operations
- pros: less expensive than other methods, which can keep costs to consumers down
- cons: tend to be crowded, animals are fed grains, feedlots generate a large amount of organic waste can contaminate ground and surface water
- free range grazing - animals have access to pasture all the time
- rotational grazing - where grassland is sequentially grazed and then rested to allow vegetation recovery
- pros: allows animals to graze on grass during their entire lifecycle, tends to be free from antibiotics,.organic waste from animals acts as fertilizer
- cons: requires large areas of land, meat produced is more expensive for consumers
- overgrazing - occurs when too many animals over graze a particular area of land, can lead to soil erosion
- consuming less meat can reduce CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions
Aquaculture
- pros: highly efficient, requires only small areas of water, and requires little fuel
- cons: fish that escape can compete or breed with wild fish, disease incidences, wastewater
Sustainable Agriculture
- contour plowing - follows the natural contours of the land when plowing to reduce environmental impact
- windbreaks - style using trees to be placed around the crops. This prevents winds from eroding the soil
- perennial crops - plants that live for multiple years
- terracing - technique for farming that builds platforms on hills to reduce erosion
- no-till agriculture - agricultural method in which farmers do not turn the soil between seasons
- strip cropping - cultivation in which different crops are sown in alternate strips to prevent soil erosion
- adding limestone balances acidic soils
Sustainable Forestry
- methods for mitigating deforestation include reforestation, buying wood harvested using sustainable forestry techniques, and reusing wood
- prescribed burns - forests are set on fire under controlled conditions in order to reduce the occurrence of natural fires
AP Environmental Science: Unit 5 Review - Land and water Use
AP Environmental Science: Unit 5 Review - Land and water Use
Tragedy of the Commons
- suggests that individuals will use shared resources in their own self interest rather than keeping with the common good, resulting in resource depletion
- "area used by everyone but regulated by no one"
Agricultural Practices
- agricultural practices that can cause environmental damage include tilling, slash-and-burn farming, irrigation, and the use of fertilizers
- clearcutting - economically advantageous but leads to soil erosion, increased soil and water temperatures, flooding
The Green Revolution
- The Green Revolution started a shift to new agricultural strategies and practices in order to produce food production
- mechanization - pros: efficient $, easy cons: fossil fuel uses, combustion, extraction
- monoculture - pros: easy, fertilizer, same pests cons: 1 plant type, loss of biodiversity, habitat, genetics
- artificial fertilizer - pros: high yield, easy cons: runoff, eutrophication
- artificial pesticide - pros: high yield, easy cons: health, evolution of pests
- irrigation - pros: maximum yield, customize cons: deplete freshwater
Irrigation Methods
- the largest human use of freshwater is for irrigation
- flood irrigation - involves flooding an agricultural field with water, about 20% of the water lost to evaporation and runoff
- furrow irrigation - involves cutting furrows between crop rows and filling them with water, inexpensive about ⅓ of the water is lost
- spray irrigation - involves pumping groundwater into spray nozzles across an agricultural field, only ¼ or less of the water lost to evaporation or runoff, more expensive and requires more energy to run
- drip irrigation - uses perforated hoses to release small amounts of water to plant roots, only about 5% of the water lost, this system is expensive and so is not often used
Pest Control Methods
- a consequence of using common pest-control methods such as pesticides is that organisms can become resistant to them
- crops can be genetically engineered to increase their resistance to pests and disease, using genetically modified crops, this can lead to loss of genetic diversity
Integrated Pest Management
- integrated pest management - combination of methods used to effectively control pest species while minimizing the disruption to the environment
- biological - introduction of natural pest predators
- physical - barriers that protect crops
- chemical - poison that kills pests
- crop rotation and intercropping
Meat Production
- it takes approximately 20 times more land to produce the same amount of calories from meat as from plants
- CAFOs - concentrated animal feeding operations
- pros: less expensive than other methods, which can keep costs to consumers down
- cons: tend to be crowded, animals are fed grains, feedlots generate a large amount of organic waste can contaminate ground and surface water
- free range grazing - animals have access to pasture all the time
- rotational grazing - where grassland is sequentially grazed and then rested to allow vegetation recovery
- pros: allows animals to graze on grass during their entire lifecycle, tends to be free from antibiotics,.organic waste from animals acts as fertilizer
- cons: requires large areas of land, meat produced is more expensive for consumers
- overgrazing - occurs when too many animals over graze a particular area of land, can lead to soil erosion
- consuming less meat can reduce CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions
Aquaculture
- pros: highly efficient, requires only small areas of water, and requires little fuel
- cons: fish that escape can compete or breed with wild fish, disease incidences, wastewater
Sustainable Agriculture
- contour plowing - follows the natural contours of the land when plowing to reduce environmental impact
- windbreaks - style using trees to be placed around the crops. This prevents winds from eroding the soil
- perennial crops - plants that live for multiple years
- terracing - technique for farming that builds platforms on hills to reduce erosion
- no-till agriculture - agricultural method in which farmers do not turn the soil between seasons
- strip cropping - cultivation in which different crops are sown in alternate strips to prevent soil erosion
- adding limestone balances acidic soils
Sustainable Forestry
- methods for mitigating deforestation include reforestation, buying wood harvested using sustainable forestry techniques, and reusing wood
- prescribed burns - forests are set on fire under controlled conditions in order to reduce the occurrence of natural fires
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Explore Top Notes
Note
Studied by 36 people
Note
Studied by 28 people
Note
Studied by 141 people
Note
Studied by 3 people
Note
Studied by 5 people
Note
Studied by 17 people
Preterite Vs. Imperfect Spanish Tense
5.0 Stars(1)
Introduction of Neuroscience
5.0 Stars(1)
Japanese Imperialism
5.0 Stars(3)
Lesson 10.1
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Ornithology Test 2
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The Columbian Exchange
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