lea-ppt
College of Criminal Justice Education
Prepared by: Nasim S. Abubacar, RCrim, CSE, MSCJ (In Progress)
Theories in Police Service
Home Rule Theory
Policemen serve the community directly.
Functionality relies on the needs expressed by the community.
Continental Theory
Policemen are viewed as servants of the state or higher authorities.
Little to no participation from the public regarding police duties.
Old Concept of Police
Viewed as a suppressive machinery.
Measure of police competence based on the number of arrests made.
Focused on detaining offenders rather than crime prevention.
Modern Concept of Police
Considered the first line of defense for the criminal justice system.
Aims at crime prevention as a primary mission.
Police efficiency evaluated by the decrease in crime rates.
Expands police role to include social services.
Definition of Police
A body of civil authority tasked with maintaining peace, enforcing laws, protecting lives, properties, and ensuring public safety.
Public officials with extraordinary powers for making arrests and other direct police functions.
Organization
Defined as a group of individuals working together towards common goals and objectives.
Involves identifying tasks, defining responsibilities, and establishing effective relationships.
Police Organization
A collection of trained personnel in public safety administration aimed at achieving law enforcement goals.
Focus on maintaining peace and order, protecting life and property, and preventing crime.
Administration
Involves the implementation of objectives and internal efficiency.
Typically characterized by a bureaucratic structure.
Police Administration
Coordinated efforts in achieving criminal justice goals.
Study of law enforcement processes and conditions.
Law Enforcement Agency
Organizations responsible for enforcing laws.
Supervision
The act of overseeing organizational tasks to ensure desired outcomes are reached.
Management
Directing and facilitating the work of individuals within an organization to achieve objectives.
Involves careful management of resources.
Authority
The right to command and control subordinates within an organizational hierarchy.
Hierarchy
Framework illustrating relationships between superiors and subordinates.
Influences the flow of authority and obedience.
Management Functions in Police
Planning
Pre-determining how to achieve organizational objectives.
Organizing
Allocating resources and personnel efficiently.
Controlling
Checking performance against objectives and making necessary adjustments.
Directing
Overseeing and supervising human resources to achieve objectives.
Staffing
Ensuring the availability of competent individuals for various roles.
Reporting
Documenting performance results based on operational expectations.
Budgeting
Forecasting outcomes based on operational expectations.
Principles of Police Organization
Hierarchy of Authority
Defines relationships between superiors and subordinates.
Span of Control
Maximum number of subordinates a supervisor can effectively manage.
Unity of Command
A principle ensuring one person commands the unit for order execution.
Delegation of Authority
Conferring authority from superiors to subordinates for task execution.
Scalar Principle
Establishing a formal communication line within the department.
Command Responsibility
Commanders are accountable for their personnel's effectiveness.
Principle of Functional Definition
Similar functions are grouped organizationally for efficiency.
Specialization
Assigning personnel to specific tasks requiring specialized skills.
Organizational Structure
Systematic arrangement of relationships, responsibilities, and authorities within the organization.
Types of Organizational Structure
Line Structure
Simple structure with a clear command chain.
Functional Structure
Based on specific functions with assigned responsibilities.
Line and Staff Structure
Combination of line and functional types for a formal structure that involves multiple departments.
Organization Chart
Visual representation of the organizational structure.
Functions in a Police Organization
Primary or Line Functions
Carry out major purposes, providing direct services to the public.
Staff/Admin Functions
Support line functions to assist operational goals.
Auxiliary Functions
Provide logistical support for the organization.
Units in a Police Organization
Operation Units
Perform primary functions.
Administrative Units
Manage administrative tasks.
Service Units
Handle auxiliary functions.
Elements of Police Organization
Unity of Command
Span of Control
Delegation of Authority
Hierarchy of Authority
Specialization
Chain of Command
Command Responsibility
Creation of the Philippine National Police (PNP)
RA 6975
Established the DILG Department of Interior and Local Government Act (1990).
RA 8551
Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act (1998).
RA 9708
Amendments to the educational qualifications and promotion system.
Agencies Created Under RA 6975
PPSC (Philippine Public Safety College)
PNP (Philippine National Police)
BFP (Bureau of Fire Protection)
BJMP (Bureau of Jail Management and Penology)
Department Proper
Composed of various offices, including the Secretary and Assistant Secretaries for local government and peace and order.
No military or police officials can be appointed as Secretary one year post-retirement or resignation.
Appointing Authority
Secretary of DILG ====== President (subject to confirmation).
General Power and Tenure of Office
Authority vested in the Secretary to execute department functions.
General Powers and Functions of the Commission
Submit periodic reports.
Act as chairman of the NAPOLCOM.
Delegate authority to officers.
Advise the president on policy and legislation concerning law enforcement and public safety.
Organizational Structure of the PNP
Aimed to ensure national civilian oversight and coordination of law enforcement.
Composed of national, regional, provincial, and city or municipal offices.
Regional Offices
Operational framework to implement departmental policies across various regions, managed by regional directors.
NAPOLCOM - National Police Commission
Agency attached to DILG for policy coordination, controlling, and supervising the PNP.
Composed of a chairperson and commissioners from both civilian and law enforcement sectors.
Powers and Functions of NAPOLCOM
Oversee PNP operations, develop police manuals, set performance standards, and approve officer personnel actions relating to disciplinary measures.
Qualifications for NAPOLCOM Members
Must have legal background or extensive research in law enforcement.
Regular members should have practical law enforcement experience.
Removal from Office
Members may be removed for cause, with provisions for filling vacancies.
Prohibitions
No engagement in practicing any profession or intervening in private enterprise.
No financial interests in transactions requiring approval from NAPOLCOM.
Organization Structure of the Commission
Commission Proper
Including Chairman and commissioners.
Staff Services
Composed of various service divisions for support functions.
Disciplinary Appellate Boards
Formal machinery for handling disciplinary cases.
Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC)
Premier institution for police training and development, under the supervision of DILG.
Powers and Functions of the PPSC
Formulate training programs, maintain facilities, and assess training needs.
RA 11279
Provided for the transfer of PNPA and NPTI from PPSC to PNP for better organizational structure in police training.
Philippine National Police Overview
Established to enforce laws and maintain public order under the ambit of DILG.
Powers and Functions of the PNP
Enforce laws, maintain peace, investigate crimes, and support public safety initiatives.
Organization and Composition of the PNP
Headed by a chief appointed by the president, assisted by deputies.
Directorate Staff Functions
Various divisions supporting police operations and functions.
Operational Support Units
Various specialized units for handling unique police functions and designated security tasks.
Police Regional Offices
Seventeen regional offices across the country with structured local oversight.
Status of PNP Members
Employees entitled to salary grades comparable to public school teachers with areas of adjustment.
General Qualifications for PNP Appointment
Filipino citizen, good moral conduct, physical fitness, and educational qualifications relevant to law enforcement.
Examinations and Eligibility
NAPOLCOM administers entrance and promotional exams, allowing for eligibility per rank.
DILG Structure
Head Secretary and ex-officio chairman coordinate with the president's office for police authority.
Comparative Policing
Globalization
Involvement in international cooperation due to increasing transnational crimes.
Comparative Police System
Study of diverse national police organizations and methods, including international criminal justice.
Models of Policing Systems
Centralized vs. Decentralized policing systems based on national governance structures.
Importance of Comparative Systems
Learn from other nations, improving understanding of cultural policing approaches and addressing transnational crime.
Effects of Globalization on Policing
Growth of transnational crime networks requiring enhanced international collaboration and modified training.
Changes in Policing Systems
Evolution in response to modernization and changing crime dynamics.
Theories in Policing
Various theories related to crime emergence, such as alertness theory, economic migration theory, and opportunity theory.
Societal Type of Police Systems
Distinctions between communal, commercial, industrial, and bureaucratic social structures concerning policing.
Types of Police Systems
Common Law System
Noted for its adversarial system prevalent in English-speaking countries.
Civil Law System
Characterized by an inquisitorial system prevalent in many countries.
Socialist and Islamic Systems
Defined by their rehabilitative and religious law approaches respectively.
Comparative Court Systems
Differentiation between adversarial and inquisitorial systems regarding rights and legal processes.
Comparative Research Methods in Policing
Various methodologies for studying police systems across nations, including direct observation and collaborative studies.
Organizational Expectations in Police
Influence from formal leadership and informal peer interactions help set expectations and culture within the police.
Legal Expectations for Police
Legal framework directs police conduct and operational boundaries, influenced by statutes and civil rulings.
Police Community Relations Models
Distinctions include political, legalistic, and community policing approaches reflecting different community interactions.
Crime Fighter vs. Social Service Worker Models
Debate on the primary focus of police work and its impact on community relations and crime prevention efforts.
Police Strategies
Broadly conceptualized methods for influencing crime trends and community behavior, including educational initiatives.
U.S. Police System
Structured into various law enforcement segments focusing on specific legal enforcement within set jurisdictions.
Japan's Policing System
Governed by the National Police Agency with oversight from the National Public Safety Commission.
ASEANAPOL
Established in 1998 among ASEAN countries to enhance police collaboration.
EUROPOL
The European Union's law enforcement coordination agency focused on serious cross-border crime.
INTERPOL
Intergovernmental organization promoting international police collaboration for global safety, featuring structured governance.
INTERPOL Notices
Color-coded alerts for international law enforcement communication regarding criminal activities and ongoing investigations.
Industrial Security Concepts
Security Definition
A state of safety from threats or vulnerabilities for individuals and institutions.
Basic Principles of Security
Command Responsibility
Compartmentation
Balance between security and efficiency
General principles remain constant
Security is only as strong as its weakest link.
Types of Security Measures
Active: Installation of barriers.
Passive: Preventive measures based on deterrence.
Major Areas of Security
Physical Security
Personnel Security
Document and Information Security.