lea-ppt

College of Criminal Justice Education

• Prepared by: Nasim S. Abubacar, RCrim, CSE, MSCJ (In Progress)

Theories in Police Service

Home Rule Theory

• Policemen serve the community directly.

• Functionality relies on the needs expressed by the community.

Continental Theory

• Policemen are viewed as servants of the state or higher authorities.

• Little to no participation from the public regarding police duties.

Old Concept of Police

• Viewed as a suppressive machinery.

• Measure of police competence based on the number of arrests made.

• Focused on detaining offenders rather than crime prevention.

Modern Concept of Police

• Considered the first line of defense for the criminal justice system.

• Aims at crime prevention as a primary mission.

• Police efficiency evaluated by the decrease in crime rates.

• Expands police role to include social services.

Definition of Police

• A body of civil authority tasked with maintaining peace, enforcing laws, protecting lives, properties, and ensuring public safety.

• Public officials with extraordinary powers for making arrests and other direct police functions.

Organization

• Defined as a group of individuals working together towards common goals and objectives.

• Involves identifying tasks, defining responsibilities, and establishing effective relationships.

Police Organization

• A collection of trained personnel in public safety administration aimed at achieving law enforcement goals.

• Focus on maintaining peace and order, protecting life and property, and preventing crime.

Administration

• Involves the implementation of objectives and internal efficiency.

• Typically characterized by a bureaucratic structure.

Police Administration

• Coordinated efforts in achieving criminal justice goals.

• Study of law enforcement processes and conditions.

Law Enforcement Agency

• Organizations responsible for enforcing laws.

Supervision

• The act of overseeing organizational tasks to ensure desired outcomes are reached.

Management

• Directing and facilitating the work of individuals within an organization to achieve objectives.

• Involves careful management of resources.

Authority

• The right to command and control subordinates within an organizational hierarchy.

Hierarchy

• Framework illustrating relationships between superiors and subordinates.

• Influences the flow of authority and obedience.

Management Functions in Police

Planning

• Pre-determining how to achieve organizational objectives.

Organizing

• Allocating resources and personnel efficiently.

Controlling

• Checking performance against objectives and making necessary adjustments.

Directing

• Overseeing and supervising human resources to achieve objectives.

Staffing

• Ensuring the availability of competent individuals for various roles.

Reporting

• Documenting performance results based on operational expectations.

Budgeting

• Forecasting outcomes based on operational expectations.

Principles of Police Organization

Hierarchy of Authority

• Defines relationships between superiors and subordinates.

Span of Control

• Maximum number of subordinates a supervisor can effectively manage.

Unity of Command

• A principle ensuring one person commands the unit for order execution.

Delegation of Authority

• Conferring authority from superiors to subordinates for task execution.

Scalar Principle

• Establishing a formal communication line within the department.

Command Responsibility

• Commanders are accountable for their personnel's effectiveness.

Principle of Functional Definition

• Similar functions are grouped organizationally for efficiency.

Specialization

• Assigning personnel to specific tasks requiring specialized skills.

Organizational Structure

• Systematic arrangement of relationships, responsibilities, and authorities within the organization.

Types of Organizational Structure

Line Structure

• Simple structure with a clear command chain.

Functional Structure

• Based on specific functions with assigned responsibilities.

Line and Staff Structure

• Combination of line and functional types for a formal structure that involves multiple departments.

Organization Chart

• Visual representation of the organizational structure.

Functions in a Police Organization

Primary or Line Functions

• Carry out major purposes, providing direct services to the public.

Staff/Admin Functions

• Support line functions to assist operational goals.

Auxiliary Functions

• Provide logistical support for the organization.

Units in a Police Organization

Operation Units

• Perform primary functions.

Administrative Units

• Manage administrative tasks.

Service Units

• Handle auxiliary functions.

Elements of Police Organization

• Unity of Command

• Span of Control

• Delegation of Authority

• Hierarchy of Authority

• Specialization

• Chain of Command

• Command Responsibility

Creation of the Philippine National Police (PNP)

RA 6975

• Established the DILG Department of Interior and Local Government Act (1990).

RA 8551

• Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act (1998).

RA 9708

• Amendments to the educational qualifications and promotion system.

Agencies Created Under RA 6975

• PPSC (Philippine Public Safety College)

• PNP (Philippine National Police)

• BFP (Bureau of Fire Protection)

• BJMP (Bureau of Jail Management and Penology)

Department Proper

• Composed of various offices, including the Secretary and Assistant Secretaries for local government and peace and order.

• No military or police officials can be appointed as Secretary one year post-retirement or resignation.

Appointing Authority

• Secretary of DILG ====== President (subject to confirmation).

General Power and Tenure of Office

• Authority vested in the Secretary to execute department functions.

General Powers and Functions of the Commission

• Submit periodic reports.

• Act as chairman of the NAPOLCOM.

• Delegate authority to officers.

• Advise the president on policy and legislation concerning law enforcement and public safety.

Organizational Structure of the PNP

• Aimed to ensure national civilian oversight and coordination of law enforcement.

• Composed of national, regional, provincial, and city or municipal offices.

Regional Offices

• Operational framework to implement departmental policies across various regions, managed by regional directors.

NAPOLCOM - National Police Commission

• Agency attached to DILG for policy coordination, controlling, and supervising the PNP.

• Composed of a chairperson and commissioners from both civilian and law enforcement sectors.

Powers and Functions of NAPOLCOM

• Oversee PNP operations, develop police manuals, set performance standards, and approve officer personnel actions relating to disciplinary measures.

Qualifications for NAPOLCOM Members

• Must have legal background or extensive research in law enforcement.

• Regular members should have practical law enforcement experience.

Removal from Office

• Members may be removed for cause, with provisions for filling vacancies.

Prohibitions

1. No engagement in practicing any profession or intervening in private enterprise.

2. No financial interests in transactions requiring approval from NAPOLCOM.

Organization Structure of the Commission

Commission Proper

• Including Chairman and commissioners.

Staff Services

• Composed of various service divisions for support functions.

Disciplinary Appellate Boards

• Formal machinery for handling disciplinary cases.

Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC)

• Premier institution for police training and development, under the supervision of DILG.

Powers and Functions of the PPSC

• Formulate training programs, maintain facilities, and assess training needs.

RA 11279

• Provided for the transfer of PNPA and NPTI from PPSC to PNP for better organizational structure in police training.

Philippine National Police Overview

• Established to enforce laws and maintain public order under the ambit of DILG.

Powers and Functions of the PNP

• Enforce laws, maintain peace, investigate crimes, and support public safety initiatives.

Organization and Composition of the PNP

• Headed by a chief appointed by the president, assisted by deputies.

Directorate Staff Functions

• Various divisions supporting police operations and functions.

Operational Support Units

• Various specialized units for handling unique police functions and designated security tasks.

Police Regional Offices

• Seventeen regional offices across the country with structured local oversight.

Status of PNP Members

• Employees entitled to salary grades comparable to public school teachers with areas of adjustment.

General Qualifications for PNP Appointment

• Filipino citizen, good moral conduct, physical fitness, and educational qualifications relevant to law enforcement.

Examinations and Eligibility

• NAPOLCOM administers entrance and promotional exams, allowing for eligibility per rank.

DILG Structure

• Head Secretary and ex-officio chairman coordinate with the president's office for police authority.

Comparative Policing

Globalization

• Involvement in international cooperation due to increasing transnational crimes.

Comparative Police System

• Study of diverse national police organizations and methods, including international criminal justice.

Models of Policing Systems

• Centralized vs. Decentralized policing systems based on national governance structures.

Importance of Comparative Systems

• Learn from other nations, improving understanding of cultural policing approaches and addressing transnational crime.

Effects of Globalization on Policing

• Growth of transnational crime networks requiring enhanced international collaboration and modified training.

Changes in Policing Systems

• Evolution in response to modernization and changing crime dynamics.

Theories in Policing

• Various theories related to crime emergence, such as alertness theory, economic migration theory, and opportunity theory.

Societal Type of Police Systems

• Distinctions between communal, commercial, industrial, and bureaucratic social structures concerning policing.

Types of Police Systems

Common Law System

• Noted for its adversarial system prevalent in English-speaking countries.

Civil Law System

• Characterized by an inquisitorial system prevalent in many countries.

Socialist and Islamic Systems

• Defined by their rehabilitative and religious law approaches respectively.

Comparative Court Systems

• Differentiation between adversarial and inquisitorial systems regarding rights and legal processes.

Comparative Research Methods in Policing

• Various methodologies for studying police systems across nations, including direct observation and collaborative studies.

Organizational Expectations in Police

• Influence from formal leadership and informal peer interactions help set expectations and culture within the police.

Legal Expectations for Police

• Legal framework directs police conduct and operational boundaries, influenced by statutes and civil rulings.

Police Community Relations Models

• Distinctions include political, legalistic, and community policing approaches reflecting different community interactions.

Crime Fighter vs. Social Service Worker Models

• Debate on the primary focus of police work and its impact on community relations and crime prevention efforts.

Police Strategies

• Broadly conceptualized methods for influencing crime trends and community behavior, including educational initiatives.

U.S. Police System

• Structured into various law enforcement segments focusing on specific legal enforcement within set jurisdictions.

Japan's Policing System

• Governed by the National Police Agency with oversight from the National Public Safety Commission.

ASEANAPOL

• Established in 1998 among ASEAN countries to enhance police collaboration.

EUROPOL

• The European Union's law enforcement coordination agency focused on serious cross-border crime.

INTERPOL

• Intergovernmental organization promoting international police collaboration for global safety, featuring structured governance.

INTERPOL Notices

• Color-coded alerts for international law enforcement communication regarding criminal activities and ongoing investigations.

Industrial Security Concepts

Security Definition

• A state of safety from threats or vulnerabilities for individuals and institutions.

Basic Principles of Security

1. Command Responsibility

2. Compartmentation

3. Balance between security and efficiency

4. General principles remain constant

5. Security is only as strong as its weakest link.

Types of Security Measures

• Active: Installation of barriers.

• Passive: Preventive measures based on deterrence.

Major Areas of Security

1. Physical Security

2. Personnel Security

3. Document and Information Security.