Periods 1 & 2 AP US HISTORY Part 1

The Encomienda System

• allowed Conquistadores to claim resources and Indians in the Americas
• Could use Indian as laborers as long as they "christianized" them
• Treated the notives brutally
• Spanish missionary, Bartolome de las Casas called it "a moral pestilence invented by Satan"

The Valladolid Debate

• 1550 -1551 Valladolid Spain
• Bartolome de Le cosas vs. Juan cines de Sepulveda
• Las casas: Indians are humans and equals to Europeans, Slavery is wrong
• Sepulveda: Indians are less than human and benefit from serving Spaniards
• No clear winner
• Politics and power , Society and culture

The Columbian Exchange

• Exchange Of plants, Animals, and ideas to the New world and old world
• New world: Gold, Silver, corn, potatoes, beans, vanilla, chocolate, tobacco, cotton 
• Old world: Wheat, sugar, rice, coffee, horses, cows, pigs, diseases
• Enslaved Africans: new world 6% of slaves to America

The English colonies of North America

• 1st - 1583 Neufound land (colony failed)
• 2nd- 1585 Roanoke Island, N. C
• Founded by sir Walter Raleigh
• 117 colonists settled there (Vanished later) (failed)

Virginia: The First Plantation Colony

• Jamestown is the first successful settlement in the U.S
• 1606: Under King James I
• A joint- stock company (Virginia company ) was granted land in North America and called it Virginia
• 1607: 120 men arrived looking For gold
• Refused to farm so they started to die
• 38 men survived

Captan John smith

• Took over in 1608
• "He who shall not work shall not eat"
• 1609-1610 "the starving time"
• 400 settlers dwindled to 60
• Tried to return to England in 1610
• Forced to remain in Jamestown by new governor Lord de la War

Lord de la war

• treated the English settlers brutally if they did not Work

• Attacked the Powhaton Indians regularly

• Led to the survival of Jamestown and further expansion of new colonies in Virginia

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Expansion into the Headright System

• Settlers began growing tobacco for the Virginia company
• More land and Settlers were needed
• The Headright System granted land to colonists who moved to and stayed in the colonies
• The more people a colonist brought with him/her to Virginia, the more land they got
• The company also sent craftsmen to the colony
• 1619- sent 60 English women 

1st Anglo-Powhatan war

• Chief Powhatan united several tribes in the Jamestown area
• Called the "Powhatan Confederacy"
• Lord De La war arrived in Jamestown in 1610 and waged brutal war on the Powhaton Indians
• Agreed to peace in 1614 sealed with the 1st interracial marriage in Virginia
• Pocahontas to John Rolfe
• Peace lasted 8 years

2nd Anglo-Powhatan war

• By 1622 - English settlers took more land and spread disease to the Indians
• Indians attacked and killed 3417 colonists including John Rolfe
• Virginia company ordered attacks on the Indians
• 1644 - Indians made 1 final effort to remove the English settlers
• The attempt failed and the Indians were driven out
• Established Separation between the races
• By 1644 - the Virginia Company went bankrupt
• The colony came under the Control of the English crown
• Virginia was allowed to self govern
• July 30, 1619 delegates from various communities met in Jamestown as the house of Burgesses
• This was the first meeting of elected legislatures in the future united states

Maryland: The 2nd plantation colony (The Catholic colony)

• founded by lord Baltimore in 1632
• wanted to create a Catholic haven
• His son, Cecilius Callert, received a charter giving him absolute control over maryland
• Settlers arrived and received help from the Indians
• No Indian attacks, no plagues, no starving time

Religion in Maryland

• Many land Owners were Catholic
• most farmers were protestant
• Protestants outnumbered Catholics
• Calvert appointed protestant Governor
• Passed the toleration Act: gave freedom to Worship for all christians.
• called for death to Jews and atheists
• Maryland had more catholics than any other English colony

Economy of Maryland

• Grew tobacco
• Relied heavily on white indentured servants
• Indentured servants- colonists would pay passage for immigrants in exchange for their labor
• Later in the late 17th century, they began using Slaves from Africa

Bacon's Rebellion

• 1670's- Many indentured Servants (mostly young men) were free, poor, and homeless
• They wanted more land from the indians
• Came to resent the landed gentry (rich people)
• Nathaniel Bacon- Was an educated, Wealthy Englishman who bought land in Virginia in 1673
• Had a seat on governors council
• Wanted more political power
• Bacon was blocked having more power
• Tensions grew between landless poor and wealthy land owners
• Also between the landless poor and the Indians
• 1675- a group of Indians attacked a plantation and killed a servant
• local white farmers, from the back country, struck back 
• open fighting began
• Virginia government did not Send help or grant land to freed indentured servants
• Bacon and other landowners struck out to fight the Indians
•  V. A. govt. Saw this as a Sign of defiance
• This became known as "Bacon's Rebellion"
• Bacon led 2 attacks on Jamestown
• 2nd attack, he burned it down
• Almost took control of V.A . But died of dysentery

Significance of Bacon's Rebellion

• 1. A new treaty was signed with the Indians granting more land to white settlers
• 2. Showed continued Struggle for more land between whites and Indians
• 3. It shaved the danger of having a large population of freed indentured servants living in poverty
• 4. Most colonists started thinking thinking African Slaves posed less of a threat than freed indentured Servants

The carolina colony

• Named For king Charles Il
• 1663 & 1665- 8 court favorites were granted land in the new world
• 1670 -300 settlers set sail from England,100 survived the trip
• Survivors built part royal and Charlestown (Charleston) the future captial
• The founders decided to attract settlers from other colonies established

Settlers in carolina

• Were guaranteed religious freedom for all christians
• Political freedom - colonials could select their own representatives to make laws
• hoped to attract colonists from Virginia and Maryland
• Many Of the 1st settlers come from Barbados in the west Indies
• Brought Slave trade with them

Slavery in the Carolinas

• Many settlers started using American Indians as slaves
• 10,000 were captured and sold to the west Indies to work in the Sugarcane field
• Some were sold to the Northern colonies
• By 1710, the tribes native to the Carolina coast had been destroyed
• Carolinians shifted to using African Slaves

North Carolina VS. South Carolina

• the North: Mostly backwoods, subsistence farmers
• Some grew tobacco as a crash Crop
• Lived in isolation. Many squatters. outcasts
• Owned Very Few Slaves
• Developed a resistance to authority
• Became the most independent minded , democratic and least aristocratic of the colonists
• Tensions grew with the southern region

South Carolina

• prosperous and aristocratic
• Grew many cash crops, especially rice
• Barbados became their most important trading partner
• African Slaves with rice cultivation Skills were in demand
• They also had resistance to malaria
• By 1710 - African Slaves made up the majority of the population of South Carolina
• 1712- the colony split into North and South. Each with their own government

The Slave Trade

• 18th century (1700s) slavery was a thriving business
• 10 million over a 300 year period    
• Mostly young males
• Established the region of Africa 
• Taken on the triangular trade (middle passage).

Slave status and resistance

• 1640-  John Casor was declared a slave for life
• 1662 - Virginia law stated that the child of a slave woman would inherit the mothers status
• 1712 - siave revolt in New york
• Burned as punishment

The colonial Economy: The South & West Indies

• Chesapeake Region 90% total exports
• Virginia: climate & geography was right for tobacco
• Lawyer southern colonies: rice and indigo
• 1750 : rice & indigo made up 2/3 of Southern exports west indies
• Most profitable of the British new world colonies
• Suger cane
• relied mostly on Slave labor

Georgia (The buffer colonies)

• Created to protect the Carolinas from the Spanish
• Named for king George lI
• Founded by James Oglethorpe who wanted prison reform
• Haven for debtors, German Lutheran, Scotish
• Toleration for all Christians except for catholics 
• Oglethorpe repelled many Spanish attacked
• Produced silk and wine
• Oglethorpe: "our perpetual dictator" 
• Oglethorpe's rules:  

1. No rum

2. No Africans (slave or free)

3. No Catholics

4. Regulated trade w/ Indians

5. Limits on how much land they could own

• Few debtors came, mostly poor, skilled labor (tradesmen and artisans)

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