Periods 1 & 2 AP US HISTORY Part 1

The Encomienda System

allowed Conquistadores to claim resources and Indians in the Americas
Could use Indian as laborers as long as they "christianized" them
Treated the notives brutally
Spanish missionary, Bartolome de las Casas called it "a moral pestilence invented by Satan"

The Valladolid Debate

1550 -1551 Valladolid Spain
Bartolome de Le cosas vs. Juan cines de Sepulveda
Las casas: Indians are humans and equals to Europeans, Slavery is wrong
Sepulveda: Indians are less than human and benefit from serving Spaniards
No clear winner
Politics and power , Society and culture

The Columbian Exchange

Exchange Of plants, Animals, and ideas to the New world and old world
New world: Gold, Silver, corn, potatoes, beans, vanilla, chocolate, tobacco, cotton
Old world: Wheat, sugar, rice, coffee, horses, cows, pigs, diseases
Enslaved Africans: new world 6% of slaves to America

The English colonies of North America

1st - 1583 Neufound land (colony failed)
2nd- 1585 Roanoke Island, N. C
Founded by sir Walter Raleigh
117 colonists settled there (Vanished later) (failed)

Virginia: The First Plantation Colony

Jamestown is the first successful settlement in the U.S
1606: Under King James I
A joint- stock company (Virginia company ) was granted land in North America and called it Virginia
1607: 120 men arrived looking For gold
Refused to farm so they started to die
38 men survived

Captan John smith

Took over in 1608
"He who shall not work shall not eat"
1609-1610 "the starving time"
400 settlers dwindled to 60
Tried to return to England in 1610
Forced to remain in Jamestown by new governor Lord de la War

Lord de la war

treated the English settlers brutally if they did not Work
Attacked the Powhaton Indians regularly
Led to the survival of Jamestown and further expansion of new colonies in Virginia

Expansion into the Headright System

Settlers began growing tobacco for the Virginia company
More land and Settlers were needed
The Headright System granted land to colonists who moved to and stayed in the colonies
The more people a colonist brought with him/her to Virginia, the more land they got
The company also sent craftsmen to the colony
1619- sent 60 English women

1st Anglo-Powhatan war

Chief Powhatan united several tribes in the Jamestown area
Called the "Powhatan Confederacy"
Lord De La war arrived in Jamestown in 1610 and waged brutal war on the Powhaton Indians
Agreed to peace in 1614 sealed with the 1st interracial marriage in Virginia
Pocahontas to John Rolfe
Peace lasted 8 years

2nd Anglo-Powhatan war

By 1622 - English settlers took more land and spread disease to the Indians
Indians attacked and killed 3417 colonists including John Rolfe
Virginia company ordered attacks on the Indians
1644 - Indians made 1 final effort to remove the English settlers
The attempt failed and the Indians were driven out
Established Separation between the races
By 1644 - the Virginia Company went bankrupt
The colony came under the Control of the English crown
Virginia was allowed to self govern
July 30, 1619 delegates from various communities met in Jamestown as the house of Burgesses
This was the first meeting of elected legislatures in the future united states

Maryland: The 2nd plantation colony (The Catholic colony)

founded by lord Baltimore in 1632
wanted to create a Catholic haven
His son, Cecilius Callert, received a charter giving him absolute control over maryland
Settlers arrived and received help from the Indians
No Indian attacks, no plagues, no starving time

Religion in Maryland

Many land Owners were Catholic
most farmers were protestant
Protestants outnumbered Catholics
Calvert appointed protestant Governor
Passed the toleration Act: gave freedom to Worship for all christians.
called for death to Jews and atheists
Maryland had more catholics than any other English colony

Economy of Maryland

Grew tobacco
Relied heavily on white indentured servants
Indentured servants- colonists would pay passage for immigrants in exchange for their labor
Later in the late 17th century, they began using Slaves from Africa

Bacon's Rebellion

1670's- Many indentured Servants (mostly young men) were free, poor, and homeless
They wanted more land from the indians
Came to resent the landed gentry (rich people)
Nathaniel Bacon- Was an educated, Wealthy Englishman who bought land in Virginia in 1673
Had a seat on governors council
Wanted more political power
Bacon was blocked having more power
Tensions grew between landless poor and wealthy land owners
Also between the landless poor and the Indians
1675- a group of Indians attacked a plantation and killed a servant
local white farmers, from the back country, struck back
open fighting began
Virginia government did not Send help or grant land to freed indentured servants
Bacon and other landowners struck out to fight the Indians
V. A. govt. Saw this as a Sign of defiance
This became known as "Bacon's Rebellion"
Bacon led 2 attacks on Jamestown
2nd attack, he burned it down
Almost took control of V.A . But died of dysentery

Significance of Bacon's Rebellion

1. A new treaty was signed with the Indians granting more land to white settlers
2. Showed continued Struggle for more land between whites and Indians
3. It shaved the danger of having a large population of freed indentured servants living in poverty
4. Most colonists started thinking thinking African Slaves posed less of a threat than freed indentured Servants

The carolina colony

Named For king Charles Il
1663 & 1665- 8 court favorites were granted land in the new world
1670 -300 settlers set sail from England,100 survived the trip
Survivors built part royal and Charlestown (Charleston) the future captial
The founders decided to attract settlers from other colonies established

Settlers in carolina

Were guaranteed religious freedom for all christians
Political freedom - colonials could select their own representatives to make laws
hoped to attract colonists from Virginia and Maryland
Many Of the 1st settlers come from Barbados in the west Indies
Brought Slave trade with them

Slavery in the Carolinas

Many settlers started using American Indians as slaves
10,000 were captured and sold to the west Indies to work in the Sugarcane field
Some were sold to the Northern colonies
By 1710, the tribes native to the Carolina coast had been destroyed
Carolinians shifted to using African Slaves

North Carolina VS. South Carolina

the North: Mostly backwoods, subsistence farmers
Some grew tobacco as a crash Crop
Lived in isolation. Many squatters. outcasts
Owned Very Few Slaves
Developed a resistance to authority
Became the most independent minded , democratic and least aristocratic of the colonists
Tensions grew with the southern region

South Carolina

prosperous and aristocratic
Grew many cash crops, especially rice
Barbados became their most important trading partner
African Slaves with rice cultivation Skills were in demand
They also had resistance to malaria
By 1710 - African Slaves made up the majority of the population of South Carolina
1712- the colony split into North and South. Each with their own government

The Slave Trade

18th century (1700s) slavery was a thriving business
10 million over a 300 year period
Mostly young males
Established the region of Africa
Taken on the triangular trade (middle passage).

Slave status and resistance

1640- John Casor was declared a slave for life
1662 - Virginia law stated that the child of a slave woman would inherit the mothers status
1712 - siave revolt in New york
Burned as punishment

The colonial Economy: The South & West Indies

Chesapeake Region 90% total exports
Virginia: climate & geography was right for tobacco
Lawyer southern colonies: rice and indigo
1750 : rice & indigo made up 2/3 of Southern exports west indies
Most profitable of the British new world colonies
Suger cane
relied mostly on Slave labor

Georgia (The buffer colonies)

Created to protect the Carolinas from the Spanish
Named for king George lI
Founded by James Oglethorpe who wanted prison reform
Haven for debtors, German Lutheran, Scotish
Toleration for all Christians except for catholics
Oglethorpe repelled many Spanish attacked
Produced silk and wine
Oglethorpe: "our perpetual dictator"
Oglethorpe's rules:

1. No rum

2. No Africans (slave or free)

3. No Catholics

4. Regulated trade w/ Indians

5. Limits on how much land they could own

Few debtors came, mostly poor, skilled labor (tradesmen and artisans)