Introduces the topic of intelligence testing.
Definition: IQ is a score from standardized tests designed to assess intelligence within specific age groups.
IQ Ranges:
Below 70: Borderline intellectual functioning
70 - 84: Below average
85 - 115: Average
116 - 130: Above average
131+: Superior intelligence
158+: Genius level
Population Distribution:
70% of people score average,
25% are considered gifted,
Only 2% reach genius levels.
Notable examples include Amadeus W. Mozart and chess champion Bobby Fisher.
Galton was a pioneer in studying human intelligence, focusing on the hereditary aspects of intelligence.
Proposed counting relatives of eminent individuals to explore the hereditary components of intelligence.
Definition: Standardized tests have items previously tested on similar populations to ensure reliability.
Example: SAT tests are representative of the training population during specific administration dates.
They analyze test questions statistically to determine appropriate difficulty and relevance.
Objective is to develop questions that are neither too difficult nor too easy.
Definition: Standardization ensures consistent scoring across different test instances.
Example: If the same SAT is taken a year apart with similar abilities, scores should be comparable unless preparation alters outcomes.
Method: A test is divided into two parts, given simultaneously to one group.
Analysis: Correlations between scores on both halves indicate reliability; high correlation implies equivalent-form reliability.
Definition: Compares scores from one test administration to those from a subsequent session to evaluate reliability.
SAT tests are commonly cited examples.
Definition: A superficial measure of validity focusing on how plausible the test appears.
Example: Basing a doctor’s competence on appearance rather than experience or patient satisfaction.
Definition: Measures whether a test adequately represents the material it is supposed to measure.
Better measures for doctor assessment include education, clinical history, and reputation.
Concurrent Validity: Assesses current characteristics (e.g., a doctor's competence now).
Predictive Validity: Evaluates potential future performance (e.g., future success as a doctor).
Definition: Reflects whether a test measures what it claims to measure.
Importance: Without it, conclusions from experiments can lead to inaccuracies.
Aptitude Tests: Predict future performance and assess innate capabilities.
Achievement Tests: Measure current performance and specific competencies learned recently.
Speed Tests: Emphasize the volume of questions answered correctly within a limited timeframe.
Power Tests: Focus on the number of correct answers despite increasing difficulty.
Classroom tests often combine both formats.
Group Tests: Administered to many people simultaneously with minimal interaction.
Individual Tests: Involve greater examiner-examinee interaction for a detailed assessment.
Intelligence: The capacity to gather and utilize information effectively.
Fluid Intelligence: Ability to solve novel problems and learn new skills.
Crystallized Intelligence: Application of knowledge accumulated over one's lifetime.
Developed the concept of General Intelligence (G Factor) through factor analysis, suggesting skills are interconnected.
Definition: A statistical approach used to explain variability among multiple correlated variables by identifying underlying factors.
Example attributes: punctuality, hard work, positive attitude.
Various forms of intelligence include:
Interpersonal (People Smart)
Musical (Music Smart)
Intrapersonal (Self Smart)
Linguistic (Word Smart)
Logical-Mathematical (Logic Smart)
Bodily-Kinesthetic (Body Smart)
Naturalist (Nature Smart)
Daniel Goleman: Key proponent of Emotional Intelligence (EQ), paralleling Gardner’s interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences.
Analytic Intelligence: Mental steps used to solve problems.
Creative Intelligence: Application of experience to foster insights.
Practical Intelligence: Adapting and navigating everyday contexts effectively.
Pioneer work by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon determined the idea of 'mental age,' which indicates knowledge level expected at a particular age, aimed to assist underperforming children.
Developed by Lewis Terman: IQ is computed as
IQ = (Mental Age / Chronological Age) * 100
David Wechsler created the Wechsler scales, measuring both verbal and non-verbal skills.
Average score is set at 100 with separate assessments for verbal comprehension, performance skills, and total scores.
Wechsler’s tests employ deviation IQ scores: Mean = 100, Standard Deviation = 15, scores are normally distributed.
Intelligence tests may possess cultural biases regarding question familiarity among different social groups.
A controversial test question where minority students answered based on their environment, highlighting potential bias in question phrasing.
Nature: Genetics dictate behavior and intelligence.
Nurture: Learning and environmental factors shape behavior and intelligence.
Most psychologists agree that both heredity and environmental experiences are crucial, but debate continues regarding their relative contributions.
Monozygotic (identical) twins show similar IQ scores due to shared genetics and upbringing
Heritability of IQ: Estimates range from 57% to 86% in adults.
Notable trend: IQ scores have been rising over the past century, known as the Flynn effect.
Psychologists argue that differences among races in IQ stem from socioeconomic factors rather than genetic inheritance.
A table ranking countries by average IQ:
Hong Kong and Singapore: 108
South Korea: 106
Japan and China: 105
Taiwan: 104
Italy: 102
Additional countries include Iceland, Mongolia, Switzerland, with scores around 100 to 102.
Concludes with a quiz to assess understanding of the distinctions in testing differences.