Knowt
Note
Studied by 7 peopleNoteStudied by 31 peopleNoteStudied by 22 peopleNoteStudied by 6 peopleNoteStudied by 142 peopleNoteStudied by 17 people
Sensation Perception
Sensation – The process by which a stimulated receptor creates a pattern of neural messages that represent the stimulus in the brain.
Perception – The process that makes sensory patterns meaningful.
Transduction – The conversion of physical energy into neural signals by sensory receptors.
Perceptual Set – A readiness to perceive stimuli in a particular way based on past experiences.
Sensory Adaptation – The diminishing sensitivity to a constant stimulus over time.
Law of Prägnanz – The tendency to perceive the simplest and most stable form possible.
Afterimage – A lingering visual sensation after a stimulus has been removed.
Absolute Threshold – The minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time.
Difference Threshold (Just Noticeable Difference, JND) – The smallest amount by which a stimulus can be changed and the difference be detected.
Weber’s Law – The JND is proportional to the intensity of the stimulus.
Signal Detection Theory – Sensation depends on stimulus characteristics, background information, and the observer.
Blind Spot – The point where the optic nerve leaves the eye, lacking photoreceptors.
Illusion – A misleading or distorted perception of reality.
Ambiguous Figures – Images that can be interpreted in more than one way.
Learning-Based Inference – The idea that perception is shaped by experience and prior knowledge.
Color Blindness – A vision disorder where an individual cannot distinguish certain colors.
Ishihara Test – A common test for color blindness.
Tinnitus – Persistent ringing or buzzing in the ears.
Lock and Key Theory – The theory of olfaction suggesting that odor molecules fit into specific receptor sites like a key in a lock.
Visceral Pain – Pain originating from internal organs.
Referred Pain – Pain that is felt in a location different from its source.
Somatic Pain – Pain originating from the skin, muscles, and joints.
Hyperopia (Farsightedness) – Difficulty focusing on nearby objects.
Myopia (Nearsightedness) – Difficulty focusing on distant objects.
Astigmatism – Blurred vision due to an irregularly shaped cornea or lens.
Presbyopia – Age-related difficulty in focusing on close objects.
Fovea – The area of sharpest vision in the retina.
Retina – Light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye where photoreceptors are located.
Rods – Photoreceptors that detect dim light but not color.
Cones – Photoreceptors that detect color and bright light.
Trichromatic Theory – The idea that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors (red, green, blue).
Opponent-Process Theory – The idea that color is processed in complementary pairs (red-green, blue-yellow) and explains afterimages.
Compression & Rarefaction – The alternating high and low pressure in sound waves.
Frequency – The number of cycles per second, determining pitch.
Amplitude – The height of the sound wave, determining loudness.
Pinna – The outer ear that collects sound.
Eardrum (Tympanic Membrane) – Vibrates in response to sound waves.
Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup – The three bones that amplify sound vibrations.
Cochlea – A spiral structure in the inner ear where transduction occurs.
Hair Cells – Sensory receptors that convert sound waves into neural signals.
Auditory Nerve – Carries signals from the cochlea to the brain.
Frequency Theory – Pitch is determined by the frequency of neural impulses.
Place Theory – Different frequencies stimulate different areas of the cochlea.
Conduction Deafness – Caused by damage to the outer or middle ear; treated with hearing aids.
Nerve Deafness – Damage to hair cells or auditory nerves; treated with cochlear implants.
Stimulation Deafness – Hearing loss due to prolonged exposure to loud sounds.
Five Basic Tastes – Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami.
Taste Buds – Receptors on the tongue that detect flavors.
Olfactory Bulbs – Brain structures that process smell.
Pheromones – Chemical signals used for communication.
Types of Sensations – Pressure, warmth, cold, texture, pain.
Why Some Areas Are More Sensitive – More receptors in certain body parts like fingertips and lips.
Otolith Organs & Semicircular Canals – Detect motion and maintain balance.
Motion Sickness – Caused by conflicting signals from the vestibular system and visual input.
Color Constancy – Perceiving the same color under different lighting.
Size Constancy – Understanding that objects remain the same size despite changes in distance.
Shape Constancy – Recognizing objects as the same despite changes in perspective.
Similarity – Grouping similar items together.
Proximity – Grouping objects that are close together.
Continuity – Preferring continuous patterns over abrupt changes.
Common Fate – Grouping objects moving in the same direction.
Closure – Filling in missing parts of an image.
Visual Cliff Experiment – Demonstrates that depth perception develops in infancy.
Binocular Cues – Depth cues that require both eyes:
Retinal Disparity – Differences between images in each eye help gauge distance.
Convergence – The closer an object, the more our eyes turn inward.
Monocular Cues – Depth cues that work with one eye:
Linear Perspective – Parallel lines appear to converge in the distance.
Interposition – Objects that block others appear closer.
Texture Gradient – More detailed textures appear closer.
Relative Size – Larger objects are perceived as closer.
NoteStudied by 7 peopleNoteStudied by 31 peopleNoteStudied by 22 peopleNoteStudied by 6 peopleNoteStudied by 142 peopleNoteStudied by 17 people