AP GOVERNMENT TEST PREP ch 7-10

Government Institutions: CHAPTER 7

*Constitution: the document that states how the government should be organized and what power it holds. the document that states how the government should be organized and what power it holds.

*Constitutional countries have a rule of law, where formal rules constantly apply.

There are two types of legislative-executive relationships.

Presidential - the chief executive is chosen by the people. ( different entity)

parliamentary - fusion of executive and legislative authority. The chief executive is selected by the majority of the legislative.

cabient- a group of advisors who help the president develop policy .

vote of no confidence- the power of the parliament over the government. impeachment- removing the president.

Semi-presidential - both prime minister and president.

Head of State- runs the government

Head of Nation- representative of the whole country

president- person elected separately from the legislature

prime minister- person selected by the majority of the parliament

unicameral and bicameral legislature:one house and two houses legislature.

Judicial Review: the power of the court system to overturn a law or executive action.

Law systems-

1) common law system- Legal system based on judicial precedents and case laws.

2) code (civil) law system- Legal system based on applying written laws.

3) sharia Law- Legal system based on the Islamic Law.

UK,NIGERIA 1 and sharia in northern part of nigeria.

CHINA,RUSSIA,MEXICO 2

ISLAM 3

*bureaocrats: unelected officials that carry out laws, by writing regulations, enforcing rules, and assigning fines.

 Bureaucracy – Administrative system governed by non-elected officials following fixed rules and hierarchical authority.

 Meritocracy – Social system where individuals advance based on abilities and achievements rather than social status or wealth.

 Merit – Quality of being particularly good or worthy, especially to deserve praise or reward.

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CHAPTER 8 Political Culture and Participation

*Cleavage- social division within society

*cross-cutting cleavages- not so-bad divisions, because they are easier to govern and compromising, is possible

*civil society: a collection of groups, communities, and organizations that operate independently from the gov.

*social capital: networks, relationships, and trust among people so society can function well.

social movement - groups of people with the agenda of forcing a change.

Political Culture- The shared attitudes of groups of people towards the government.

political socialization: the process by which people learn to develop their political beliefs and views often influenced by agents of socialization like family media friends etc…

Political Ideology: the set of beliefs , ideas and values of a person about how society and government should be like.

communism- a political and economic system where all property is shared by a classless society.

socialism- a political and economic system where the government holds all resources to ensure everyone is getting treated fairy and has equal access to essentials.

populism- doctrine committed to the rights of the common people rather than those of the elites.

liberalism- political doctrine committed to individual freedom and free markets.

neoliberalism- committed to government policy of privatization, free trade.

individulaism- committed to government protection of individual civil liberaties.

conservatism- political doctrine committed to traditional values and practices.

facism- political doctrine committed to glorification of the state with extreme nationalism.

-media is a powerful linkage institution

limited in authoritarian

free in democratic

• Authority: The right or power to give orders, make decisions, and enforce rules.

• Legitimacy: When authority or power is widely accepted as valid and justified by the people.

• Power: The ability to influence or control the actions and decisions of others.

• Rule of Law: The principle that everyone, including leaders, must follow the law, and no one is above it.

• Free Fair Elections: Elections where all eligible citizens can vote freely, without interference, and the results reflect the true will of the people.

• Democratization: The process of transitioning to a more democratic system of government.

• Democracy: A system of government where power is held by the people, often through elected representatives.

• Authoritarian: A system of government where power is concentrated in the hands of a single leader or small group, with limited political freedoms.

• Hybrid Regime: A government that combines elements of democracy (like elections) with authoritarian practices (like limited freedoms or weak rule of law).

Bureaucracy is a system where government tasks are carried out by officials and departments following fixed rules.

CHAPTER 9 PARTY AND ELECTORAL SYSTEMS AND CITIZEN ORGANIZATIONS

linkage institutions - the process of linking people to the government (elections, media etcc.)

• Plurality means the most votes, but majority means one more than half or more than 50%

• authority - right to use power

• sovereignty- ultimate authority over the territory

• legitimacy- when the ppl accept the governments authority to make policy .

types of elections-

*primary election - within the own party, the parties allow the voters to select the candidate for the general elections.

*general election - type of election where the voters select the office holder.

*two ballot election- the type of election when no one of the candidates get more than 50% and they do a second round for the 2 with the most votes.

*referendums- a yes or no question. directly from the government to the public.

types of parties-

• one party system- only one party can exist by the government.

• dominant party system- multiple parties exist but one dominates elections and government.

• two party system- two parties dominate elections while other have minimal influence

• multiparty system- multiple parties co-existing, competing and often share power.

Policy Agenda - A set of issues or problems that government officials and policymakers prioritize for action.

types of interest group systems -

two approaches to establish a linkage between government and interest groups

two types of election systems- SMD- SINGLE MEMBER DISTRICT & PR- PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION

IN SMD CANDIDATE MUST WIN PLURALITY TO WIN A SEAT

IN PR ITS A PROPORTIONAL AMOUNT OF & OF VOTES = % OF THE SEAT.

CHAPTER 10 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CHANGES AND DEVELOPMENT

Democratization- the process of a state transitioning from an authoritarian to a democratic regime. (political liberalization)

globalization- the interconnectedness of cultures and markets.

MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS- MNCs-

Supranational organizations are entities created by multiple countries that work together on shared goals or challenges. Member nations transfer some decision-making power to the organization.

two types of economic systems

1. Command - the government decides how the resources should be allocated usually letting a bureaucracy do it.

2. Market - allocates resources according to demand and supply

• A mixed economy blends government control and private business to manage the economy.

economic liberalization- when an economy is free from government control to promote economic growth.

the most visible change a government can make is to undergo the process of privatization

• PRIVATIZATION- sell off state-owned enterprises to private investors. SOEs

• FDI- foreign direct investment & SEZs- special economic zones - boost economy

WTO- WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION

ECOWAS- ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN STATES.

Gridlock happens when decision-making is stalled because different groups or branches of government can't agree. This can stop laws or policies from being passed or implemented.

• NGOs- non-government institutions

• and MNCs pressure the government to adopt policies that PROMOTE protect civil liberties, private property, and free trade.

• ex of supranational organizations- WTO- EU- ECOWAS ONLY ACCEPT MEMBERS FOR OPEN GLOBAL TRADE.

Recession - economic slowdown

deficit - when spending exceeds revenue.

KEYNESIAN APPROACH- increase government spending and lower taxes to increase consumer income. increases deficit but is also believed to increase output levels and restore the economy.

AUSTERITY- tightening of the belt, reducing the deficit, increasing taxes, and reducing spending. harder in the short run but leads to a stronger economy.

dependency theory- states that developing countries are being exploited by developed countries. solution for that- ISI (import substitution industrialization )

better solution for the dependency theory might be SAP- structural adjustment program

GINI INDEX- a measurement for economic inequality

• rentier state- a state that gains more than HALF of its revenue . from the practice of renting out its natural resources.

• welfare state- one that seeks to provide a universal safety net for many of its citizens ny providing pensions, unemployment insurance and health care

• sustainability - meeting out needs today without harming the ability of future generation to meet theirs.

recognition and representation are the two types of reforms