Native America, European Colonization, and Latin American Independence Movements Flashcards

NATIVE AMERICA

• Great diversity existed among Native American societies in terms of political systems, spirituality/religious practices, languages, housing, and resources/economies.

NORTH AMERICAN TRADE NETWORKS

• Trade networks involved regional and local centers with customary trading connections.

CAHOKIA

• Located near modern-day St. Louis.

• Population of roughly 10,000 inhabitants by 1000 C.E., growing to 20,000-30,000 by 1200 C.E.

• Characterized by a social hierarchy and a centralized theocracy.

• Known for pyramid builders and the practice of human sacrifice.

• Experienced a decline around 1300 C.E.

HAUDENOSAUNEE

• Located in New York State and Ontario.

• Comprised of Five Nations: Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk; the Tuscaroras joined in 1722.

• Origin story involves the Peacemaker.

• Religion centered on the Great Spirit as the creator.

• Sedentary society living in longhouses.

• Operated on a seven-generation principle for decision-making.

HAUDENOSAUNEE GOVERNMENT

• Considered the first democracy in what became the United States.

• Senecas and Mohawks formed the “upper house.”

• Cayugas, Oneidas, and Tuscaroras formed the “lower house.”

• Onondagas acted as tie-breakers.

HAUDENOSAUNEE WOMEN

• Matrilineal society where women controlled access to land.

• Female elders were highly regarded.

• Women participated in religious activities and chose chiefs.

• Had influence in war plans.

• Held significant authority, including land ownership, control over harvests, participation in councils, power over peace and war, managed the public treasury and slaves, arranged marriages, and had domain over children.

WOMEN IN THE NATIVE AMERICAN WORLD

• Gender division of labor with women's work deemed economically and socially significant.

• Women had autonomy over their bodies and sexuality.

• Marriage practices were often matrilocal.

• Transgendering occurred.

EUROPEAN VS. NATIVE AMERICAN VIEWS

• Native Peoples:

  • Culture: Lacked written language; religious practices related to farming & hunting.

  • Gender roles: Women had greater agency and role in society.

  • Legal system: Focused on compensating injured parties.

  • Land: Communal ownership.

• Europeans:

  • Culture: Complex writing system, Christian religion.

  • Gender roles: Women had “no independent legal identity”.

  • Legal system: Focused on punishing perpetrators.

  • Land: Private property.

NATIVE AMERICANS AND EUROPEANS

• European goods were quickly integrated into Native American life, changing farming, hunting, and cooking practices.

• Natural resources in America depleted.

• Growing connections with European economies stimulated warfare among tribes.
  
  
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FRANCE AND ENGLAND IN THE NEW WORLD

• French Colonization

  • France’s colonial ventures began under Francis I, seeking a Northwest Passage.

  • Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec in 1608.

  • Mississippi Valley forts were established with sparse French population.

  • Friendly relations with Natives were essential for France; French men married native women to gain access to trade (“Country marriages”).

  • Métis: mixed-race children.

Haiti

• Originally the Spanish colony of Hispaniola.

• The first African slaves arrived in Hispaniola in 1501.

• Treaty of Ryswick in 1697 established French colony of Saint-Domingue.

• Experienced economic growth.

• By the 1780s, slaves outnumbered French colonists ten to one.

British in the Americas

• Elizabeth I brought stability and power to England and spearheaded European empire in the Americas.

• Colonization patterns included privateering.

• Initial colonization primarily consisted of men; families constituted the second wave.

Motives for Colonization

• Enclosure Movement: Fencing in of previously common land to private ownership.

• Anti-Catholicism.

• National glory.

• New Markets/Trade.

Roanoke Island

• Settlers arrived in summer of 1584.

• Second group arrived in 1585, a military and scientific mission.

• Third wave of settlers arrived summer 1587 under the leadership of John White.

• Colonists disappeared in 1590.

Jamestown

• In 1606, the Virginia Company of London obtained a charter from King James I to establish a permanent settlement in the Chesapeake Bay.

• Jamestown established in 1607.

• High death toll (1607= 104, 1608= 52, 1609= 400, 1610= 65, the starving time).

• John Smith was a strict ruler.

• In 1619, the House of Burgesses was established, an elected assembly.

• Tobacco became a key crop.

Matoaka “Pocahontas”

• Daughter of Paramount Chief Powhatan; also known as Lady Rebecca Rolfe.

• Served as a bridge between Natives and English.

• Married to John Rolfe, likely for political reasons.

• Resulted in the Peace of Pocahontas.

• Died at the age of 21.

Native Resistance

• English permanent settlement led to conflict.

• Uprising in 1622, Opechancanough attack Virginia's settlers, known as the Corn War.

• Virginia declared royal colony.

Plymouth

• Pilgrims arrived in 1620.

• Mayflower Compact: Committed the group to majority- rule government with “just and equal laws” and representative government.

• Church and state closely connected, religion used to control society, no religious tolerance.

• Puritan family structure: Husband is head of household/ absolute authority.

Wars

• Pequots War 1637.

• King Philip’s War 1675-1676.

• Metacom, a Wampanoag known by the English as King Philip, protested the Puritan policies against the Indigenous people.

• Formed coalition of Native Americans which attacked English settlements.

• English subdued Native attacks.

Origins of American Slavery

• Tobacco production increased demand for labor.

• Africans not English subjects.

• Servitude never expired.

• 1619: Africans sold in Jamestown.

• 1638: Colonial North America's slave trade began.

Indentured Servants

• People who voluntarily surrendered their freedom for a specified time (usually 5-7 years) in exchange for passage to America.

• Two-thirds of English settlers who came to North America came as indentured servants.

• Women meant to bring stability to colonies, labor needs overrode gender norms.

Bacon's Rebellion

• 1675-1676.

• Nathaniel Bacon sought removal of all Native Americans, lower taxes and support from small farmers, landless men, and indenture servants.

• Bacon vs. Berkeley.

• Alliance with & betrayal of Occaneechees.

• Fear of class conflict.
  
  
  
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COLONIES AND INDEPENDENCE

• Atlantic Slave Trade

  • Atlantic Trade: Europe exported manufactured goods, Africa supplied slaves, Americas produced natural goods.

• Furs, lumber, crops, sugar.

Africa and the Slave Trade

• Most African rulers engaged in slave trade.

• Distortion of African population.

Middle Passage

• The voyage from Africa across the Atlantic for slaves.

Southern Colonies

• Virginia: Tobacco-based economy with small farms and plantations, hierarchy of freedom, slave codes with restrictions on enslaved people, free Blacks considered dangerous, eventually not allowed in Virginia.

• South Carolina and Georgia: Rice-based plantation with large plantations and many slaves. Georgia experiment with James Oglethorpe, ban on slavery and alcohol, little interaction between whites & slaves.

Northern/Middle Colonies

• Middle colonies more individualistic than tightly controlled New England communities.

• Non-plantation societies/ small farms.

• Small percentage of slaves, slaves not usually seen as a big threat to white population.

• Slaves could participate in the legal system and had greater mobility.

The Great Awakening

• Fervent religious revival movement that spread throughout the colonial America 1720s-1740s.

• Response to Enlightenment: world and human life governed by reason.

• Religious Revivals: Emotional and personal Christianity.

• Criticism of many aspects of colonial society: Taxation, Slavery.

The Growth of Colonial America

• Increases stability, economic & population growth.

• 1700 = 265,000

• 1770 = 2.3 million

• Diversity: Nationality, Religious.

Seven Years' War

• 1749 Ohio Company land grant.

• 1759 British armies invaded & conquered Canada.

• The Peace of Paris 1763: Expulsion of France from North America.

• British attempted to impose taxes on colonists to help cover the war’s expenses.

Taxation

• The Sugar Act of 1764: Measures put in place to prevent smuggling; smugglers could be tried without jury.

• The Stamp Act of 1765: Parliament’s first attempt to raise money by taxing colonies rather than through regulation of trade opposed by nearly all colonial political leaders.

• Stamp Act repealed 1766 due to pressure from British Merchants.

Stamp Act Congress 1765

• 27 delegates from 9 colonies argued for consent to taxation.

• First major cooperative action between colonies.

Sons of Liberty

• 1760s, including Samuel Adams and John Hancock, organized to resist the Stamp Act.

• “Liberty Tree” provided space for organizing.

The Townshend Crisis

• Townshend Act (1767): Customs Commissioner to collect taxes and suppress smuggling; taxes on imported goods (Glass, Paint, Paper, Tea).

• Colonial resistance: Boycott of British goods, manufacture their own goods, Homespun clothing, Daughters of Liberty; American goods became symbol of resistance.

Colonial Response to Acts

• Committee of Correspondence shared information, shaped public opinion, built cooperation among the colonies.

The Boston Massacre

• March 1770: Bostonians and British troops exchanged fire; 5 Bostonians dead, including Crispus Attucks.

• The boycott ended after the Townshend duties were repealed, leaving only a tax on tea; removal of troops from Boston.

The Tea Act

• The East India Company was in financial crisis, and the British government decided to market the company's Chinese tea in North America.

• Boston Tea Party, December 16, 1773; Sons of Liberty.

• Tea tossed into Boston Harbor was worth about £10,000

• Port of Boston closed.

Intolerable Acts

• London's response to the Tea Party.

• Massachusetts Government Act: Appointed council members, curtailing town meetings.

• Quartering Act: Lodging redcoats in colonists’ homes.

• The Quebec Act: Borders extended to Ohio River, religious tolerance for Catholics in Canada.

The Continental Congress

• Philadelphia in 1774.

• Continental Association: Decrease trade with Britain and West Indies.

• Committees of Safety: Enforced boycotts, organized militias.

Outbreak of War

• Lexington and Concord, April 1775: Minutemen face off against British.

• The Battle of Bunker Hill: British victory, “Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes!”.

Second Continental Congress

• Designate Continental Army, appoint George Washington its commander.

• Olive Branch Petition, July 1775, written by John Dickinson, appeal to King George III.

Thomas Paine's Common Sense

• Published January 1776.

• New style of political writing, engaging a far greater audience, not just elite.

• Criticized monarchy and aristocracy.

• Being part of the empire was burden not benefit to colonies.

• With independence, America could enjoy financial freedom.

• Led Second Continental Congress to sever the colonies' ties with Great Britain.

The Declaration of Independence

• July 4, 1776, written by Thomas Jefferson.

• “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness”.

• Lists grievances against King George III, accusing him of tyranny and declaring the colonies' right to independence.

American Revolution

• Struggle for national independence.

• Battle among European empires.

• America’s alliance with France.

• What kind of a nation American should be.

• American freedom linked with equality.

Loyalists (aka Tories)

• People who opposed independence and/or remained loyal to the British crown.

• 20 to 25 percent of Americans were Loyalists.

• 20,000 fought for British.

• Property taken away by patriots, faced harassment and ostracism.

Native Americans & the Revolutionary War

• British: Choctaw, Creek, younger Cherokee, Haudenosaunee.

• Americans: Oneida, Cherokee chiefs, Stockbridge tribes.

• Oneida women supply Washington’s men at Valley Forge.

• Colonists destroy Native American towns.

• After the war, Americans take more land from Natives, Americanization efforts.

• Traditional roles change, Native American women expected to be subordinate to men.

African Americans & the Revolutionary War

• Rhetoric of “Liberty”.

• Dunmore’s Proclamation (issued November 1775).

• 5,000 African American men served in the Continental Army.

• 1790 Slave population = 700,000.

• 200,000 increase from 1776.

Women & the Revolutionary War

• Women who Served in the Battlefield: Mary Hays McCauley, Deborah Sampson aka Robert Shurtlieff.

• Camp Followers: Work in the battlefield was extension of traditional household duties.

• Women in the Homefront: Fund raising, lodging soldiers, “Deputy Husbands” –Women who took care of their husbands’ economic affairs during war.

Treaty of Paris

• Treaty of Paris signed in September 1783.

• Recognition of American Independence.

• U.S.A. gained control of former British lands in North America.

• First independent nation in the Western Hemisphere.
  
  
  
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LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS

HAITIAN SOCIETY

• Economy based on Slavery.

• Social Structure:

  • Grands Blancs: wealthy white planters, smallest population.

  • Affranchis: free people of color, often mixed race individuals, wealth, land owning.

  • Petits Blancs: poor whites, artisans and laborers.

  • Slaves.

• French Revolution: Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.

HAITIAN REVOLUTION

• 1791–1804: Slave rebellion, emancipated nearly half a million people.

• 1794 granted freedom and citizenship.

• Toussaint-Louverture led Haitian struggle for freedom.

• 1802 Napoleon Bonaparte sent an army to Haiti to reestablish colonial control.

• Jean-Jacques Dessalines established independence.

• Haiti is the first independent state in Latin America.

NEW SPAIN

• Power structures:

  • King, Audiencia, Viceroy, Governors, Corregidores.

• No major presence of armed forces, measure of colonial autonomy.

• Economy: Wealth from agriculture and mining industries, trade monopoly, class tensions.

• Bourbon Reforms.

• Ordinance of Intendants of 1786.

FOREIGN AFFAIRS

• American Revolutionary War, 1776-1783.

• French Revolution, 1789.

• French Invasion of Spain, 1808.

• Joseph Bonaparte proclaimed king of Spain.

TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE

• Literary Club of Queretaro, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.

• Well-educated priest, disagreed with several important Church doctrines, expulsion to Dolores, Guanajuato.

• “Grito de Dolores” (“Cry of Dolores”) September 16, 1810.

INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT

• Initial success in Guanajuato.

• Army was little more than a mob, composed of indigenous and mestizo people.

• Set backs, Calderón in January 1811.

• Hidalgo executed.

JOSÉ MARÍA MORELOS

• José María Morelos takes over after Hidalgo’s execution.

• Mestizo, Priest.

• Establishes Congress declaring independence and a constitution calling for social equality.

• Executed December 1815.

MOVEMENT CONTINUES

• Movement is fragmented and eventually subdued.

• Spanish king Ferdinand VII returns to throne.

PLAN DE IGUALA

• Called for Mexican Constitutional Monarchy.

• Three Guarantees:

• Protection of the Catholic faith.

  • Independent Mexican nation.

  • Social equality.

TREATY OF CÓRDOBA

• August 24, 1821.

• Established independent constitutional monarchy.

AGUSTIN DE ITURBIDE

• Agustín Iturbide proclaimed Emperor of Mexico.

• Wealthy family, illustrious military career.

• First Empire, extravagant expenses.

• Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna and Guadalupe Victoria oust the emperor.

• Execution.

PERU

• José de San Martín.

• Independence declared in 1821.

• Guayaquil meeting, Simon Bolivar.

• Independence finalized in 1824.

• Colonial socioeconomic structure remained.