(79) Thespis, Athens, and The Origins of Greek Drama: Crash Course Theater #2

Chapter 1: Intro

Introduction by Mike Rugnetta, host of Crash Course Theater.
Focus on uncovering the origins of Western drama, emphasizing the significance of Dionysus.

Ritualism theory suggests drama evolved from religious rituals involving Dionysus.
Popularity of Dionysus in 6th century BCE Greece, including rituals by women.
Highlight of the dithyramb—a form of hymn praising Dionysus, which may have evolved into theater.
Thespis identified as the first actor who stepped out of the dithyramb chorus, introducing character impersonation.
- Development of acting involved the use of masks and switching characters.
- The term "thespian" derives from Thespis.
The early Greek tragedy features one actor with a chorus, distinct from dithyrambs and epic recitations.
Origin of the word "tragedy," potentially linked to goat sacrifices.
Formation of theaters in Athens initiated by Peisistratus in the 530s BCE, marking the establishment of a theater competition during the City Dionysia festival.
- Event lasted five or six days, reinforcing civic pride and honoring military leaders.
- Included various performances and contests; male citizens could perform or vote.
Theater competition consisted of three playwrights presenting a tetralogy (four-part work). The structure included three tragedies and a satyr play.
Role of the choregos, the financier of the production, responsible for assembling casts and sets.
- Playwright also fulfilled directing and designing roles.
Limit of three actors on stage, music and performances unknown but evidenced through painted vases.
Usage of choreography by the chorus in performances.

Description of the outdoor Theater of Dionysus, an amphitheater design built into the hillside.
Seating arrangements in the Theatron evolved from no seats to wooden and then stone seats.
Performing chorus situated in the Orchestra, with a Thymele (Altar) at the center.
Introduction of a Skene for actors to change masks, vital due to limited actors.
Paradoi provided entrances and exits for the chorus.
Special effects, such as the Deus Ex Machina, where gods could descend during the play.
Actors wore masks and costumes (Cothurni), emphasizing the theatricality of performances.

Dithyramb contests led to the selection of winning playwrights through a 10-member jury, awarding an ivy wreath and ceremonial rewards.
Significance of tragedy during the 5th century and prominent playwrights Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.
Limited surviving texts: Aeschylus (7 of 90), Sophocles (7 of 120), Euripides (19 of 92).
Plays served as social commentary, exploring family and national issues as part of civic duty.
Aristotle’s concept of catharsis in "Poetics" positing that tragedy purges emotions of pity and fear from audiences.
Potential interpretation of catharsis as a constructive emotional outlet in democratic society, emphasizing productivity post-performance.
Preview of future discussion on Aristotle's theories through Aeschylus's "Oresteia."

Acknowledgment of the production team and funding sources for Crash Course Theatre.
Mention of PBS Digital Studios and Patreon support.