Civics! Eoc notes

john locke was known for

•social contract:a contract between the people and the government

•liberty:freedom

•natural rights:life,liberty,and property

Social contract is between the people and the government whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these naturals rights,it’s the right of the people to alter or abolish it.

Montesquieu influenced the “founding fathers” by separation of powers

•legislative:makes laws

•executive:enforces/carries out laws

•judicial:interprets laws

3 concepts found in the magma carts that influenced the founding fathers:

•limited government: limits the kings power

•rule of law:no one is above the law

•due process: government must respect a persons legal rights when it takes action against them

Rights that are both found in the English and US bill of rights

•right to petition to the government

•right to fair trial

2 concepts found in the Mayflower Compact that influenced the founding fathers

•self government: system where citizens or a group rule themselves and control their own affairs

•new government will include everyone and serve the common good

Thomas paines common sense influenced the founding fathers to have self government

3 things the british did that made colonists angry:

•banned movement in the west(proclamation of 1763)

•tax on sugar(sugar act)

•illegal search warrants were allowed(townshend acts)

Grievances of the declaration of independence were addressed to the king of england

Thomas jefferson says that every american is entitled to “certain unalienable rights”(life,liberty,and the pursuit of happiness)

3 weaknesses of the articles of confederation:

• no power to tax

•only 1 branch of government

•difficult to amend(change)

Goals of the preamble and what they mean:

•form a more perfect union: to strengthen the existing union that was created by the articles of confederation,not to create a better one

•establish justice:to show the importance of fairness in the governments actions

•insure domestic tranquility:focuses to maintain peace and order within the nation

•provide for the common defense:ensures the security and safety as a whole,not favoring specific states

•promote a general welfare: to promote the well-being of people

•secure the blessings of liberty: to guarantee our freedom and make sure that our children,etc have those same freedoms

Separation of powers:dividing the powers of government up into difficult branches,so each one has a job

Checks and balances: ways for the branches to keep each other from becoming too powerful

Example of checks and balances for each branch:

•legislative:impeaches president

•executive:vetoes acts of congress

•judicial:declares laws unconstitutional

Rule of law: the government and those who govern are bound by law. No one is above the law EX. president Nixon

sources of american law:

•case

•statutory

Types of law:

•criminal law

•civil law

•constitutional law

•military law

14th amendment defines citizenship

5 qualifications for becoming a naturalized citizen:

•know american history

•know basic english

•be a legal citizen for at least 5 years

•know the laws

•know how the government works

2 ways to become a naturalized citizen citizen:

•law of soil

•law of blood

4 obligations of US citizens:

•obey the laws

•pay taxes

•serve in the armed forces if selected

• serve on a jury

4 responsibilities of citizenship:

•register and vote

•hold elective office

•keep informed regarding current issues

•participate in political campaigns

10 amendments in the Bill of Rights:

•1st amendment:freedom of r.a.p.p.s.

•2nd amendment:right to bear arms

•3rd amendment: no quartering or troops

•4th amendment: no illegal searches and seizures

•5th amendment:rights of the accused

•6th amendment:more rights of the accused

•7th amendment: right to jury trial in civil cases

•8th amendment: no cruel or unusual punishments

•9th amendment: people have rights that aren’t written down

•10th amendment:powers that aren’t given to the federal government are left to the states

Amendments:

•13th:abolishes slavery

•14th:makes former slaves citizens

•15th:right to vote regardless of race

•19th: allowed women to vote(suffrage)

•24th:abolishes to pay taxes when voting(toll taxes)

•26th: lowered the voting age from 21 to 18

Supreme Court Cases:

•Marbury v. Madison: established judicial review: the power of the courts to examine the actions of the legislative and executive branches

•plessy v. ferguson: segregation is ok as long as it’s “separate but equal”

•brown v.board of education: “separate but equal” is no longer ok,the end of segregation

•gideon v. wainright: right to lawyer in all trials, even if u can’t afford one

•miranda v.arizona: warning of the 5th amendment, right to remain silent before questioning(miranda rights)

•In re’ Gault:juveniles also have the right to due process

•tinker v. des moines:students have the right to free speech

•hazelwood v. kuhlmeier:schools are allowed to censor student newspapers if they’re the sponsor

•US v.nixon: presidents aren’t above the law

• bush v.gore: bush wins election/recount:violates the 14th amendment

Political Parties:

democrats

•color:blue

•symbol:donkey

•larger government role in people’s life’s

republicans

•color:red

•system:elephant

•less government impacts in people’s life’s

libertarians:emphasize individual liberties with no government interference

socialist: improve working conditions by public(government) ownership pf energy,resources,transportation, and by providing free health and education for all,equality for all

communists: public government ownership of all private property(not just what is in socialism) in order to help working class equality for all

Qualifications for the following offices:

President:

•natural born citizen

• at least 35 years old

• resident of the us for at least 14 years

House of representatives

•at least 25 years old

•citizen of the us for at least 7 years

•be a resident of the state/district u wanna represent

Senate

•at least 30 years

•citizen of the us for at least 9 years

•be a resident of the state you wanna represent

Definitions:

•party platform: outlines a party’s principles,goals, and position on domestic and foreign affairs

•Political action committee(PACs):collect money to fund the representation of an interest group

Bias: one sided view

Media Watching role: to inform,educate,amd entertain people

Propaganda: information that’s often bias and misleading and is spreader to influence public opinion or promote a particular viewpoint

Public Policy: what the government chooses to do, or not do,about a particular issue or problem

3 things each love of government is responsible for:

•local government: county/city health departments for public health

•federal government: national defense and foreign policy

•state givernemnt:builds highways, bridges, state parks

Policies:

•domestic policy: any government policy that concerns affairs/ issues within the country

•foreign policy: any government policy that concerns foreign countries and events taking place outside the us

how the president deals with foreign policy:

•diplomacy:The art and practice of conducting negotiations between representatives of states or groups

•treaties:Formal agreements between countries that create rights and obligations

•alliances:Formal political, military or economic agreement between two or more countries to support each other

•international organizations:Groups with international membership, scope, or presence

•diplomatic negotiation:Discussion or negotiation between two or more groups or states as a means of resolving conflict or reaching agreement

Ways congress deals with foreign policy

•military force/intervention:The use of armed force to intervene in another country's affairs

•deterrence:The action of discouraging an action or event through instilling doubt or fear of the consequences

•coercive diplomacy:Use of threats or limited armed force to persuade an opponent to alter their behavior

•economic/foreign aid:Assistance given to one country by another in the form of money, goods, or services

International Organizations:

•UN(united nations):created after WWll to promote peace and cooperation

•NATO(north Atlantic treaty organization):security group established in 1949 to block soviet military aggression in europe

•NAFTA(north american free trade agreement):economic pact that combined the economics of the us,canada,and mexico into the worlds largest trading bloc

•UNICEF(united nations international children’s emergency fund): part of UN to aid health and education for mothers and children in developing countries

•International court of justice(world court):the principal judicial organ of the UN

•WTO(world trade organization): encourages trade between member nations and settles disputes when they arise

•Red cross:organization that aids victims of natural disasters and armed conflicts

NGO’s(non governmental organizations):international organization that governments can’t join but individuals and cooperations can

Wars:

WWl(1914-1918) and WWll(1939-1945) were the last”declared wars” that were fought in Europe and asia

2 “undeclared” wars: the vietnam and Quasi war(also known as the undeclared war w france)

The cold war was the decades long conflict between the u.s. and the soviet union

2 conflicts with cuba in the 1960s

•Bay of pigs-apt.1961

•Cuban missle crisis-oct.1962

The 2 “gulf wars” were fought against Iraq

•1st one:1990-1991

•2nd one:2003

Forms of government

•direct democracy: people have an individual voice in government and vote directly on everything EX.small/local government

•Representative Democracy: people elect representatives to vote and make laws for their interests EX.U.S.A

•Absolute Monarchy: a ruler that has all the power EX.Saudi Arabia

•constitutional monarchy: rulers power is limited by a democratic government EX. united kingdom

•communism: the government owns and controls everything EX. vietnam,cuba, former soviet union

•socialism: an economic and political system where the means of production are owned collectively or by the state,rather than by private individuals

•Autocracy:ruled by a single leader and has unlimited power and denies people’s fundamental rights EX.hilter,mussolini

•oligarchy: ruled by a few based on wealth or power EX. south africa during the 20th century’s based on racism

Systems of government

•federalism:power shared between the national and regional government

•federal system:regional government tells the central government what to do

•unitary system:central government has all the power

Powers

•enumerated powers:powers that are held by the national government

•concurrent powers: shaded by the national and state governments

•reserved powers: powers held by state governments

10 constitutional powers of the national government:

1. collect taxes

2. borrow money

3. pay debts

4. regulate trade

5. establish post offices

6. protect patents and copyrights

7. declare war

8. raising and supporting and army and navy

9. coining money and regulating its value

10. make laws necessary and powers for carrying out these powers

Courts

•3 levels of federal courts

•lowest: U.S district court

•middle: U.S Circuit Court of appeals

•highest: U.A supreme court

•Fl court system

•fl county courts

•fl circuit courts

•fl district court of appeals

•fl supreme court

Powers shared by the national and state governments

•ability to tax

•make and enforce laws

•borrow money

Powers only held by the state governments

•establish local governments

•regulate commerce within the state

•conduct elections

Services

• national: operate american economy,natural defense and foreign policy

•state: state wide police, provide public services,issue licenses

•local:county/city parks,public transportation,street lights,signs,road repair

Constitutions

Us:

•7 articles

•4,400 words

•bill of rights

•difficult to amend

•vague

•27 amendments

Florida:

•12 articles

•50,000 words

•florida declaration of rights

•easier to amend

•detailed

•over 100 amendments

3 ways to amend the Fl constitution:

•voters approve or reject amendments

•60% must vote yes

•Fl legislature proposes by 3/5 vote

john locke was known for

• social contract:a contract between the people and the government

  • based on the consent of the governed

  • government's legitimacy comes from the people

• liberty:freedom

  • individuals have the right to act without undue government constraints

• natural rights:life,liberty,and property

  • inherent rights that cannot be taken away

Social contract is between the people and the government whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these naturals rights,it’s the right of the people to alter or abolish it.

Montesquieu influenced the “founding fathers” by separation of powers

• legislative:makes laws

  • responsible for creating laws

• executive:enforces/carries out laws

  • responsible for implementing and enforcing laws

• judicial:interprets laws

  • responsible for interpreting laws and resolving legal disputes

3 concepts found in the magma carts that influenced the founding fathers:

• limited government: limits the kings power

  • government power is restricted by law

• rule of law:no one is above the law

  • laws apply equally to everyone, including those in power

• due process: government must respect a persons legal rights when it takes action against them

  • fair treatment through the normal judicial system

Rights that are both found in the English and US bill of rights

• right to petition to the government

  • the right to make a complaint to, or seek the assistance of, one's government without fear of punishment.

• right to fair trial

  • a trial conducted impartially, where both parties have the opportunity to be heard.

2 concepts found in the Mayflower Compact that influenced the founding fathers

• self government: system where citizens or a group rule themselves and control their own affairs

  • the right of people to rule themselves independently.

• new government will include everyone and serve the common good

  • Ensure that the government act in the best interests of all citizens

Thomas paines common sense influenced the founding fathers to have self government

3 things the british did that made colonists angry:

• banned movement in the west(proclamation of 1763)

  • colonists were prohibited from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains

• tax on sugar(sugar act)

  • imposed duties on sugar, coffee, wine, and other imports

• illegal search warrants were allowed(townshend acts)

  • allowed British officials to search private homes and businesses for smuggled goods

Grievances of the declaration of independence were addressed to the king of england

Thomas jefferson says that every american is entitled to “certain unalienable rights”(life,liberty,and the pursuit of happiness)

3 weaknesses of the articles of confederation:

• no power to tax

  • the central government could not enforce taxation

• only 1 branch of government

  • lacked an executive and judicial branch

• difficult to amend(change)

  • required unanimous consent from all states to amend

Goals of the preamble and what they mean:

• form a more perfect union: to strengthen the existing union that was created by the articles of confederation,not to create a better one

  • to create a more unified and effective government

• establish justice:to show the importance of fairness in the governments actions

  • ensure fairness and equality under the law

• insure domestic tranquility:focuses to maintain peace and order within the nation

  • maintain peace and order within the country

• provide for the common defense:ensures the security and safety as a whole,not favoring specific states

  • protect the nation from foreign threats

• promote a general welfare: to promote the well-being of people

  • supporting the health, happiness, and prosperity of citizens

• secure the blessings of liberty: to guarantee our freedom and make sure that our children,etc have those same freedoms

  • protect freedoms for current and future generations

Separation of powers:dividing the powers of government up into difficult branches,so each one has a job

Checks and balances: ways for the branches to keep each other from becoming too powerful

Example of checks and balances for each branch:

• legislative:impeaches president

  • Congress can remove the President from office through impeachment.

• executive:vetoes acts of congress

  • The President can prevent a bill passed by Congress from becoming law.

• judicial:declares laws unconstitutional

  • The Supreme Court can invalidate laws that conflict with the Constitution.

Rule of law: the government and those who govern are bound by law. No one is above the law EX. president Nixon

sources of american law:

• case

• statutory

Types of law:

• criminal law

• civil law

• constitutional law

• military law

14th amendment defines citizenship

5 qualifications for becoming a naturalized citizen:

• know american history

• know basic english

• be a legal citizen for at least 5 years

• know the laws

• know how the government works

2 ways to become a naturalized citizen citizen:

• law of soil

  • determines citizenship based on where a person is born

• law of blood

  • determines citizenship based on the citizenship of one's parents

4 obligations of US citizens:

• obey the laws

• pay taxes

• serve in the armed forces if selected

• serve on a jury

4 responsibilities of citizenship:

• register and vote

• hold elective office

• keep informed regarding current issues

• participate in political campaigns

10 amendments in the Bill of Rights:

• 1st amendment:freedom of r.a.p.p.s.

  • Religion, Assembly, Press, Petition, Speech

• 2nd amendment:right to bear arms

  • the right of the people to keep and bear arms

• 3rd amendment: no quartering or troops

  • prohibits soldiers from temporarily residing in private homes during peacetime without the owner's consent

• 4th amendment: no illegal searches and seizures

  • protects individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures

• 5th amendment:rights of the accused

  • guarantees due process of law and protects against self-incrimination

• 6th amendment:more rights of the accused

  • guarantees the right to a speedy and public trial, the right to an attorney, and the right to confront witnesses

• 7th amendment: right to jury trial in civil cases

  • guarantees the right to a jury trial in civil cases

• 8th amendment: no cruel or unusual punishments

  • prohibits excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment

• 9th amendment: people have rights that aren’t written down

  • states that the enumeration of specific rights in the Constitution does not mean that other rights that are not listed are not also protected

• 10th amendment:powers that aren’t given to the federal government are left to the states

  • powers that the Constitution does not give to the federal government, nor prohibit to the states, are reserved to the states or the people

Amendments:

• 13th:abolishes slavery

• 14th:makes former slaves citizens

• 15th:right to vote regardless of race

• 19th: allowed women to vote(suffrage)

• 24th:abolishes to pay taxes when voting(toll taxes)

• 26th: lowered the voting age from 21 to 18

Supreme Court Cases:

• Marbury v. Madison: established judicial review: the power of the courts to examine the actions of the legislative and executive branches

• plessy v. ferguson: segregation is ok as long as it’s “separate but equal”

• brown v.board of education: “separate but equal” is no longer ok,the end of segregation

• gideon v. wainright: right to lawyer in all trials, even if u can’t afford one

• miranda v.arizona: warning of the 5th amendment, right to remain silent before questioning(miranda rights)

• In re’ Gault:juveniles also have the right to due process

• tinker v. des moines:students have the right to free speech

• hazelwood v. kuhlmeier:schools are allowed to censor student newspapers if they’re the sponsor

• US v.nixon: presidents aren’t above the law

• bush v.gore: bush wins election/recount:violates the 14th amendment

Political Parties:
democrats

• color:blue

• symbol:donkey

• larger government role in people’s life’s
  republicans

• color:red

• system:elephant

• less government impacts in people’s life’s
  libertarians:emphasize individual liberties with no government interference
  socialist: improve working conditions by public(government) ownership pf energy,resources,transportation, and by providing free health and education for all,equality for all
  communists: public government ownership of all private property(not just what is in socialism) in order to help working class equality for all

Qualifications for the following offices:
President:

• natural born citizen

• at least 35 years old

• resident of the us for at least 14 years
  House of representatives

• at least 25 years old

• citizen of the us for at least 7 years

• be a resident of the state/district u wanna represent
  Senate

• at least 30 years

• citizen of the us for at least 9 years

• be a resident of the state you wanna represent

Definitions:

• party platform: outlines a party’s principles,goals, and position on domestic and foreign affairs

• Political action committee(PACs):collect money to fund the representation of an interest group
  Bias: one sided view
  Media Watching role: to inform,educate,amd entertain people
  Propaganda: information that’s often bias and misleading and is spreader to influence public opinion or promote a particular viewpoint
  Public Policy: what the government chooses to do, or not do,about a particular issue or problem

3 things each love of government is responsible for:

• local government: county/city health departments for public health

• federal government: national defense and foreign policy

• state givernemnt:builds highways, bridges, state parks

Policies:

• domestic policy: any government policy that concerns affairs/ issues within the country

• foreign policy: any government policy that concerns foreign countries and events taking place outside the us
  how the president deals with foreign policy:

• diplomacy

• treaties

• alliances

• international organizations

• diplomatic negotiation
  Ways congress deals with foreign policy

• military force/intervention

• deterrence

• coercive diplomacy

• economic/foreign aid

International Organizations:

• UN(united nations):created after WWll to promote peace and cooperation

• NATO(north Atlantic treaty organization):security group established in 1949 to block soviet military aggression in europe

• NAFTA(north american free trade agreement):economic pact that combined the economics of the us,canada,and mexico into the worlds largest trading bloc

• UNICEF(united nations international children’s emergency fund): part of UN to aid health and education for mothers and children in developing countries

• International court of justice(world court):the principal judicial organ of the UN

• WTO(world trade organization): encourages trade between member nations and settles disputes when they arise

• Red cross:organization that aids victims of natural disasters and armed conflicts
  NGO’s(non governmental organizations):international organization that governments can’t join but individuals and cooperations can

Wars:
WWl(1914-1918) and WWll(1939-1945) were the last”declared wars” that were fought in Europe and asia
2 “undeclared” wars: the vietnam and Quasi war(also known as the undeclared war w france)
The cold war was the decades long conflict between the u.s. and the soviet union
2 conflicts with cuba in the 1960s

• Bay of pigs-apt.1961

• Cuban missle crisis-oct.1962
  The 2 “gulf wars” were fought against Iraq

• 1st one:1990-1991

• 2nd one:2003

Forms of government

• direct democracy: people have an individual voice in government and vote directly on everything EX.small/local government

• Representative Democracy: people elect representatives to vote and make laws for their interests EX.U.S.A

• Absolute Monarchy: a ruler that has all the power EX.Saudi Arabia

• constitutional monarchy: rulers power is limited by a democratic government EX. united kingdom

• communism: the government owns and controls everything EX. vietnam,cuba, former soviet union

• socialism: an economic and political system where the means of production are owned collectively or by the state,rather than by private individuals

• Autocracy:ruled by a single leader and has unlimited power and denies people’s fundamental rights EX.hilter,mussolini

• oligarchy: ruled by a few based on wealth or power EX. south africa during the 20th century’s based on racism
  Systems of government

• federalism:power shared between the national and regional government

• federal system:regional government tells the central government what to do

• unitary system:central government has all the power
  Powers

• enumerated powers:powers that are held by the national government

• concurrent powers: shaded by the national and state governments

• reserved powers: powers held by state governments
  10 constitutional powers of the national government:

1. collect taxes

2. borrow money

3. pay debts

4. regulate trade

5. establish post offices

6. protect patents and copyrights

7. declare war

8. raising and supporting and army and navy

9. coining money and regulating its value

10. make laws necessary and powers for carrying out these powers

Courts

• 3 levels of federal courts

• lowest: U.S district court

• middle: U.S Circuit Court of appeals

• highest: U.A supreme court

• Fl court system

• fl county courts

• fl circuit courts

• fl district court of appeals

• fl supreme court

Powers shared by the national and state governments

• ability to tax

• make and enforce laws

• borrow money

Powers only held by the state governments

• establish local governments

• regulate commerce within the state

• conduct elections

Services

• national: operate american economy,natural defense and foreign policy

• state: state wide police, provide public services,issue licenses

• local:county/city parks,public transportation,street lights,signs,road repair

Constitutions
Us:

• 7 articles

• 4,400 words

• bill of rights

• difficult to amend

• vague

john locke was known for

• social contract: a deal between the people and the government

  • based on the agreement of the people

  • government's power comes from the people

• liberty: freedom

  • individuals can act without the government stopping them

• natural rights: life, freedom, and property

  • basic rights that cannot be taken away

Social contract is between the people and the government. If the government starts to take away these natural rights, the people can change or get rid of it.

Montesquieu affected the "founding fathers" by separation of powers

• legislative: makes laws

  • in charge of creating laws

• executive: carries out laws

  • in charge of making sure laws are followed

• judicial: decides what laws mean

  • in charge of understanding laws and solving legal problems

3 ideas from the Magna Carta that affected the founding fathers:

• limited government: limits the king's power

  • government's power is controlled by law

• rule of law: no one is above the law

  • laws apply to everyone, even those in charge

• due process: government must respect a person's legal rights when it takes action against them

  • fair treatment through the normal legal system

Rights in both the English and US Bill of Rights

• right to ask the government for something

  • the right to complain to or ask for help from the government without being afraid of getting in trouble

• right to fair trial

  • a trial done fairly, where both sides can speak

2 ideas from the Mayflower Compact that affected the founding fathers

• self-government: people rule themselves and control their own affairs

  • the right of people to rule themselves freely

• new government will include everyone and help the common good

  • make sure the government helps all citizens

Thomas Paine's Common Sense affected the founding fathers to have self-government

3 things the British did that made colonists angry:

• banned moving west (Proclamation of 1763)

  • colonists could not live west of the Appalachian Mountains

• tax on sugar (Sugar Act)

  • taxes on sugar, coffee, wine, and other things coming into the country

• illegal search warrants were allowed (Townshend Acts)

  • British officers could search private homes and businesses for things being smuggled

Problems of the Declaration of Independence were sent to the King of England.

Thomas Jefferson said every American has "certain unalienable rights" (life, freedom, and the pursuit of happiness).

3 weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation:

• no power to tax

  • the government could not make people pay taxes

• only 1 branch of government

  • did not have a leader or court branch

• hard to change

  • all states had to agree to change it

Goals of the Preamble and what they mean:

• form a more perfect union: to make the existing union stronger, not to create a better one

  • to create a more united and effective government

• establish justice: show that fairness is important in government actions

  • make sure things are fair and equal under the law

• ensure domestic tranquility: focus on keeping peace and order in the nation

  • keep peace and order in the country

• provide for the common defense: make sure everyone is safe as a whole, not just some states

  • protect the nation from other countries

• promote a general welfare: help people be well

  • support the health, happiness, and success of citizens

• secure the blessings of liberty: make sure we are free and our children have those same freedoms

  • protect freedoms for now and the future

Separation of powers:dividing the powers of government into different branches, so each one has a job

Checks and balances:ways for the branches to stop each other from becoming too powerful

Example of checks and balances for each branch:

• legislative: removes president from office

  • Congress can remove the President from office through impeachment.

• executive: says no to acts of congress

  • The President can stop a bill passed by Congress from becoming law.

• judicial: says laws are against the constitution

  • The Supreme Court can say that laws are not valid because they go against the Constitution.

Rule of law: the government and those in charge must follow the law. No one is above the law EX. President Nixon

Sources of American law:

• case

• statutory

Types of law:

• criminal law

• civil law

• constitutional law

• military law

14th amendment defines who is a citizen

5 things you need to become a citizen:

• know American history

• know basic English

• be a legal citizen for at least 5 years

• know the laws

• know how the government works

2 ways to become a citizen:

• law of soil: if you are born here, you are a citizen

• law of blood: if your parents are citizens, you are a citizen

4 things US citizens must do:

• follow the laws

• pay taxes

• serve in the military if they are chosen

• serve on a jury

4 things good citizens should do:

• register and vote

• hold public office

• stay informed about current issues

• participate in political campaigns

10 amendments in the Bill of Rights:

• 1st amendment: freedom of r.a.p.p.s. - Religion, Assembly, Press, Petition, Speech

• 2nd amendment: right to bear arms

  • the right of the people to have weapons

• 3rd amendment: no keeping troops in people's homes

  • soldiers cannot stay in people's homes without permission

• 4th amendment: no illegal searches

  • protects people from unreasonable searches

• 5th amendment: rights of the accused

  • protects people from being forced to say things that could get them in trouble

• 6th amendment: more rights of the accused

  • guarantees the right to a quick trial, a lawyer, and to see witnesses

• 7th amendment: right to jury trial in civil cases

  • guarantees the right to a jury trial in lawsuits

• 8th amendment: no cruel or unusual punishments

  • punishements for crimes cannot be too harsh

• 9th amendment: people have rights that aren't written down

  • just because a right isn't in the Constitution doesn't mean people don't have it

• 10th amendment: powers that aren't given to the federal government belong to the states

  • powers that the Constitution doesn't give to the federal government are for the states or the people

Amendments:

• 13th: gets rid of slavery

• 14th: makes former slaves citizens

• 15th: right to vote no matter your race

• 19th: women can vote

• 24th: no taxes to vote

• 26th: lowered the voting age from 21 to 18

Supreme Court Cases:

• Marbury v. Madison: created judicial review

  • the power of the courts to say what the legislative and executive branches do is okay

• Plessy v. Ferguson: segregation is okay if it's "separate but equal"

• Brown v. Board of Education: "separate but equal" is not okay anymore, ending segregation

• Gideon v. Wainwright: right to a lawyer in all trials, even if you can't pay for one

• Miranda v. Arizona: police must tell you your rights before questioning you

• In re' Gault: kids also have the right to due process

• Tinker v. Des Moines: students have free speech

• Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier: schools can stop student newspapers if they pay for them

• US v. Nixon: presidents are not above the law

• Bush v. Gore: Bush wins election

  • recount goes against the 14th amendment

Political Parties:
democrats

• color: blue

• symbol: donkey

• government should have a larger role in people's lives

republicans

• color: red

• symbol: elephant

• government should have less control in people's lives

libertarians: focus on individual freedoms with no government help

socialist: improve working conditions by government ownership of energy, resources, transportation, and free health and education for all

communists: government owns all private property to help working-class people

Things you need to be the following:
President:

• born in the US

• at least 35 years old

• lived in the US for at least 14 years

House of Representatives

• at least 25 years old

• citizen for at least 7 years

• live in the state/district you want to represent

Senate

• at least 30 years old

• citizen for at least 9 years

• live in the state you want to represent

Definitions:

• party platform: what a party believes in

• Political Action Committee (PACs): groups that collect money to support a political group

Bias: a one-sided view

Media's Role: to inform, teach, and entertain people

Propaganda: information that is often not true and is used to affect people's opinions

Public Policy: what the government does or doesn't do about an issue

3 things each level of government does:

• local government: county/city health departments for public health

• federal government: protects the country and deals with other countries

• state government: builds roads, bridges, state parks

Policies:

• domestic policy: government policies about things inside the country

• foreign policy: government policies about things outside the country

how the president deals with foreign policy:

• diplomacy

• treaties

• alliances

• international organizations

• diplomatic talks

how Congress deals with foreign policy

• military force

• deterrence

• coercive diplomacy

• financial help to other countries

International Organizations:

• UN (United Nations): created after WWll to promote peace

• NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): protects against Soviet military attacks in Europe

• NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement): combines the economies of the US, Canada, and Mexico

• UNICEF (United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund): helps the health and education of mothers and children in developing countries

• International Court of Justice (World Court): the main court of the UN

• WTO (World Trade Organization): helps trade between countries and settles arguments

• Red Cross: helps people affected by natural disasters and wars

NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations): international organizations where people and companies can join, but governments can't

Wars:
WWl (1914-1918) and WWll (1939-1945) were the last "declared wars" fought in Europe and Asia

2 "undeclared" wars: Vietnam and Quasi War (also known as the undeclared war with France)

The Cold War was a long fight between the US and the Soviet Union

2 conflicts with Cuba in the 1960s

• Bay of Pigs - April 1961

• Cuban Missile Crisis - October 1962

The 2 "Gulf Wars" were against Iraq

• 1st one: 1990-1991

• 2nd one: 2003

Forms of government

• direct democracy: people vote on everything EX. small/local government

• representative democracy: people vote for others to vote for them EX. USA

• absolute monarchy: one ruler with all the power EX. Saudi Arabia

• constitutional monarchy: ruler's power is limited by a government EX. United Kingdom

• communism: the government controls everything EX. Vietnam, Cuba, former Soviet Union

• socialism: government controls how things are made and shared, not individuals

• autocracy: one ruler with unlimited power EX. Hitler, Mussolini

• oligarchy: ruled by a few powerful people EX. South Africa in the 20th century

Systems of government

• federalism: power shared between the national and state government

• federal system: state government tells the national government what to do

• unitary system: national government has all the power

Powers

• enumerated powers: powers of the national government

• concurrent powers: powers shared by the national and state governments

• reserved powers: powers of the state government

10 constitutional powers of the national government:

1. collect taxes

2. borrow money

3. pay debts

4. regulate trade

5. establish post offices

6. protect patents and copyrights

7. declare war

8. support an army and navy

9. coin money

10. make laws to carry out these powers

Courts

• 3 levels of federal courts

  • lowest: US District Court

  • middle: US Circuit Court of Appeals

  • highest: US Supreme Court

• FL court system

  • FL county courts

  • FL circuit courts

  • FL district court of appeals

  • FL Supreme Court

Powers shared by the national and state governments

• ability to tax

• make and enforce laws

• borrow money

Powers only for the state governments

• establish local governments

• regulate trade in the state

• conduct elections

Services

• national: run the economy, defend the country, and deal with other