Margaret Floy Washburn: First woman to receive psychology Ph. D

John B. Watson: championed psychology as the science of behavior and demonstrated conditioned responses on a baby who became famous as "Little Albert"; dismissed introspection

Wilhelm Wundt: Wundt established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany.

Mary Whiton Calkins: James student; self psychology; first president American Psychological Association.

Charles Darwin: Proposed evolution and argued that natural selection shapes behaviors as well as bodies.

Dorothea Dix: Therapist; humane treatment of psychological disorders

Sigmund Freud: psychoanalysis, structuralism, functionalism, how do we analyze it

Stanley Hall: Established first formal U.S. psychological lab; childhood development and evolution

William James: A functionalist significant for teaching and writing; flow of consciousness; father of American psychology

Ivan Pavlov: pioneering study of learning

Jean Piaget: Swiss biologist observer of children

Carl Rogers: current environment limits us; humanism

B. F. Skinner: dismissed introspection and redefined psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior"

Structuralism: This approach of psychology looks at the mind’s different structures of conscience. They use introspection.

Introspection: To look at or examine your conscious thoughts.

Functionalism: Seeks to understand how mental and behavioral processes operate. We try to understand HOW things work and how they connect.

Behaviorism: The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Gestalt: We need to look at the whole because our brain cannot separate our conscious and perception.

Psychoanalytic: focuses on uncovering and working through unconscious conflicts because they are the root of psychological problems.

psychodynamic: focuses on unconscious processes as they are manifested in the client's present behavior

Humanistic: focus on the ways people strive for self-determination and self-realization; study people through own self-reported experiences and feelings

Evolutionary Approach: An approach that looks at our different traits and adaptations that have come from natural selection

Biological Approach: a way of looking at psychological issues by studying the physical basis for animal and human behavior. How does our body react to different stimuli?

Cognitive Approach: the belief that the brain is the most important aspect with the way that an individual behaves or thinks

Biopsychosocial Approaches: an approach to psychology that incorporates three different perspectives and types of analysis: biological, psychological, and social-cultural

Sociocultural: considers the way that different individuals interact with their social groups and how these social groups influence different individuals and how they develop throughout their lives

Biological Domain: explores how our biology influences how we behave and think. It looks at things like brain structure, genetics, and chemicals in the brain to understand why people act differently from one another.

Clinical Domain: the area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior

Cognitive Domain: covers the study of perception, thinking, intelligence, and memory

Counseling Domain: focuses on using psychological principles to improve the mental health, well-being, and positive growth of individuals, groups, families, and the community

Developmental Domain: the scientific study of development across a lifespan

Educational Domain: the study of how humans learn and retain knowledge, primarily in educational settings like classrooms

Experimental Domain: concerned with testing theories of human thoughts, feelings, actions, and beyond – any aspect of being human that involves the mind

Industrial-organizational Domain: the scientific study of human behavior in the workplace

Personality-Domain: the long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways

Psychometric Domain: a branch of psychology that measures and predicts human psychological traits, aptitudes, and behaviors

Social Domain: a theory of moral psychology that examines social reasoning and behavior from a developmental perspective

Positive domain: a branch of psychology focused on the character strengths and behaviors that allow individuals to build a life of meaning and purpose

Correlational Studies: a research design conducted to assess the relationship among two or more variable

survey: a research design involving a list of questions filled out by a group of people to assess attitudes or opinions.

naturalistic observations: a research design that attempts to document behavior as it spontaneously occurs in a real-world setting

Case Studies: research design involving an in-depth and detailed examination of a single subject, or case, usually an individual or a small group

Longitudinal Studies: a research design examining how individuals develop by studying the same sample over a long period of time

Cross-sectional Studies: a research design comparing groups of differing ages to arrive at conclusions about development

random assignment: each participant has an equal chance of being placed into any group. an example of this is every participant in an experiment will be placed in a group.

random sample: every member of a population has the same chance of being selected for study