OS Fundamentals Final

Flashcard #1 \n**Term:** embedded operating system (OS) \n**Definition:** an operating system designed for specialized devices dedicated to specific tasks, such as banking machines or industrial control systems.

**Flashcard #2** \n**Term:** firmware \n**Definition:** specific software installed on device hardware like fitness monitors or routers, providing essential functionality and control.

**Flashcard #3** \n**Term:** hypervisor \n**Definition:** software that enables the creation and management of virtual machines, allowing multiple operating systems to run on a single physical machine simultaneously.

**Flashcard #4** \n**Term:** kernel \n**Definition:** the core component of an operating system that manages resources and acts as an interface between software applications and hardware.

**Flashcard #5** \n**Term:** mobile OS \n**Definition:** operating systems tailored for mobile devices like smartphones and tablets, optimized for touch-based interaction and app efficiency.

**Flashcard #6** \n**Term:** operating system (OS) \n**Definition:** software that manages hardware resources and provides services for computer programs, facilitating user interaction and software execution.

**Flashcard #7** \n**Term:** shell \n**Definition:** the interface that allows users to interact with an operating system, typically through command-line interfaces.

**Flashcard #8** \n**Term:** type 1 hypervisor \n**Definition:** a bare-metal hypervisor that operates directly on hardware, enabling the creation and management of multiple virtual machines; examples include VMware ESXi and Microsoft Hyper-V.

**Flashcard #9** \n**Term:** type 2 hypervisor \n**Definition:** a hypervisor that requires a host operating system and runs as an application within it, facilitating virtual machine creation and management; examples include Oracle, VM VirtualBox, and VMware Workstation.

**Flashcard #10** \n**Term:** virtual machine (VM) \n**Definition:** a software emulation of a physical computer that operates within a host environment, allowing multiple operating systems to run concurrently on a single physical machine.

**Flashcard #11** \n**Term:** application hardware interface \n**Definition:** the intermediary layer between software applications and hardware components, facilitating interaction and functionality.

**Flashcard #12** \n**Term:** application programming interface (API) \n**Definition:** a set of protocols and tools that allows different software applications to communicate and integrate, enhancing interoperability and development efficiency.

**Flashcard #13** \n**Term:** CPU usage \n**Definition:** the percentage of time the central processing unit (CPU) spends executing instructions for a specific task or process, indicating the load or demand on the CPU.

**Flashcard #14** \n**Term:** Disk Management \n**Definition:** a Windows utility that manages disk drives, partitions, and volumes, enabling tasks like creating, formatting, resizing, and deleting volumes.

**Flashcard #15** \n**Term:** driver \n**Definition:** software that enables an OS to communicate with hardware devices by translating commands from the OS into instructions that the hardware can understand and execute.

**Flashcard #16** \n**Term:** file system \n**Definition:** a method or structure for organizing and storing computer files on storage devices, such as hard drives, SSDs, or removable media, defining how data is accessed and stored.

**Flashcard #17** \n**Term:** hardware abstraction layer (HAL) \n**Definition:** a software layer that abstracts hardware details and provides a consistent interface for the OS to interact with different hardware configurations.

**Flashcard #18** \n**Term:** hardware configuration \n**Definition:** the arrangement and setup of physical hardware components within a computer system, including connections, settings, and compatibility considerations.

**Flashcard #19** \n**Term:** input/output (I/O) \n**Definition:** the process of exchanging data between an information processing system (such as a computer) and the outside world, typically through peripherals like keyboards, mice, or printers.

**Flashcard #20** \n**Term:** memory management \n**Definition:** the process of managing computer memory resources to optimize system performance, involving tasks like allocation, deallocation, and usage monitoring of RAM.

**Flashcard #21** \n**Term:** multitasking \n**Definition:** the ability of an OS to execute multiple tasks or processes concurrently, allowing users to run multiple applications simultaneously.

**Flashcard #22** \n**Term:** process management \n**Definition:** involves managing processes running on a computer, including tasks such as starting, stopping, prioritizing, and monitoring processes to ensure efficient use of system resources.

**Flashcard #23** \n**Term:** print driver \n**Definition:** a type of driver specifically designed to facilitate communication between an OS and a printer, ensuring proper printing functionality.

**Flashcard #24** \n**Term:** processor scheduling \n**Definition:** the process by which the OS allocates CPU time to processes, managing their execution and priority levels to optimize system performance and responsiveness.

**Flashcard #25** \n**Term:** software application \n**Definition:** a program or group of programs designed to perform specific tasks or functions for the user or another application.

**Flashcard #26** \n**Term:** system resources \n**Definition:** the collective hardware, software, and network components of a computer system that enable it to perform tasks, including CPU, memory (RAM), disk storage, and network connectivity.

**Flashcard #27** \n**Term:** system software \n**Definition:** software that provides a platform for other software to run on, including OSs, utilities, and hardware drivers.

**Flashcard #28** \n**Term:** Task Manager \n**Definition:** a system utility in Windows that provides information about processes and applications running on the computer, allowing users to monitor system performance, manage running processes, and terminate tasks if necessary.

**Flashcard #29** \n**Term:** access control \n**Definition:** the practice of restricting access to resources or areas only to authorized entities, ensuring data security and integrity.

**Flashcard #30** \n**Term:** access control models \n**Definition:** frameworks or methodologies used to enforce access control policies, such as discretionary access control (DAC), mandatory access control (MAC), role-based access control (RBAC), and attribute-based access control (ABAC).

**Flashcard #31** \n**Term:** add a device \n**Definition:** an option to install new hardware devices, typically via Bluetooth or wireless connections.

**Flashcard #32** \n**Term:** app and features \n**Definition:** a section in the settings app for viewing and managing installed applications.

**Flashcard #33** \n**Term:** authentication \n**Definition:** the process of verifying the identity of a user or device trying to access a system, typically through usernames, passwords, or other credentials.

**Flashcard #34** \n**Term:** authorization \n**Definition:** the process of granting or denying specific privileges and permissions to authenticated users or systems based on their identity and roles.

**Flashcard #35** \n**Term:** back driver \n**Definition:** a feature to revert to the previous driver version if an update causes issues.

**Flashcard #36** \n**Term:** Bluetooth and devices \n**Definition:** a section in the settings app for managing connected devices such as printers, scanners, and USB devices.

**Flashcard #37** \n**Term:** default apps \n**Definition:** an option in the settings app that is used to open specific file types or perform certain tasks.

**Flashcard #38** \n**Term:** Device Manager \n**Definition:** a Windows tool for managing hardware devices and their drivers.

**Flashcard #39** \n**Term:** explicit deny \n**Definition:** a specific access control setting that prevents a user or group from accessing a resource, overriding any permissions that might otherwise allow access.

**Flashcard #40** \n**Term:** group level \n**Definition:** managing user permissions and access rights by categorizing users into groups based on shared attributes such as department or job role.

**Flashcard #41** \n**Term:** inheritance \n**Definition:** the principle where permissions set at a higher level in a hierarchy (e.g., folder) are automatically passed down to lower levels (e.g., files within that folder) unless explicitly overridden.

**Flashcard #42** \n**Term:** permission \n**Definition:** a setting that defines a user or group's actions, typically categorized as allow or deny.

**Flashcard #43** \n**Term:** plug and play \n**Definition:** a feature that allows the OS to detect and configure newly attached hardware devices automatically.

**Flashcard #44** \n**Term:** resource ownership \n**Definition:** the concept that specifies who controls a resource and can dictate access permissions, often the resource's creator.

**Flashcard #45** \n**Term:** Settings app \n**Definition:** a Windows interface for configuring various system settings, including devices and applications.

**Flashcard #46** \n**Term:** update driver \n**Definition:** a process to install the latest driver for a device.

**Flashcard #47** \n**Term:** user management \n**Definition:** the process of creating, modifying, and deleting user accounts, as well as assigning rights and permissions to these accounts within a computing environment.

**Flashcard #48** \n**Term:** allocation unit \n**Definition:** a unit of disk space into which files are divided for storage, typically called clusters or blocks.

**Flashcard #49** \n**Term:** attributes \n**Definition:** additional metadata associated with files beyond the data, such as creation date, author, size, and permissions.

**Flashcard #50** \n**Term:** cluster \n**Definition:** a group of sectors on a storage device, typically the smallest unit of storage that can be allocated to a file.

**Flashcard #51** \n**Term:** common Linux file systems \n**Definition:** EXT2, EXT3, EXT4, XFS, Btrfs.

**Flashcard #52** \n**Term:** common Mac file systems \n**Definition:** HFS, HFS+, APFS.

**Flashcard #53** \n**Term:** common Windows file systems \n**Definition:** FAT, FAT32, exFAT, NTFS.

**Flashcard #54** \n**Term:** compression \n**Definition:** the process of reducing the size of a file or files to save disk space, achieved by encoding repetitive data into a more compact form.

**Flashcard #55** \n**Term:** encryption \n**Definition:** a method of securing data by transforming it into an unreadable format using cryptographic algorithms, requiring a unique key to decrypt and access the original data.

**Flashcard #56** \n**Term:** file allocation table (FAT) \n**Definition:** file system used primarily by early versions of Microsoft OSs, defining how files are organized and managed.

**Flashcard #57** \n**Term:** journaling \n**Definition:** a technique used by file systems to record changes made to data before they are committed to disk, aiding in recovery after system failures or crashes.

**Flashcard #58** \n**Term:** limitations \n**Definition:** restrictions or constraints imposed by file systems or OSs on aspects such as file naming conventions, supported characters, and maximum file sizes.

**Flashcard #59** \n**Term:** metadata \n**Definition:** information about a file stored by the file system, including attributes such as size, location, and time stamps.

**Flashcard #60** \n**Term:** naming rules \n**Definition:** guidelines and conventions governing how files and directories should be named within a file system, including character limits, allowed symbols, and reserved keywords.

**Flashcard #61** \n**Term:** new technology file system (NTFS) \n**Definition:** the predominant file system used by modern Windows OSs, known for supporting large partitions, file sizes, and security features like permissions.

**Flashcard #62** \n**Term:** partition \n**Definition:** a logical division of a physical disk into independent areas, each with its own file system, used to organize and manage data.

**Flashcard #63** \n**Term:** permissions \n**Definition:** access rights determining who can read, write, execute, or modify files and directories on a computer system.

**Flashcard #64** \n**Term:** sector \n**Definition:** the smallest unit of storage on a disk, typically 512 bytes, which can store a fixed amount of data.

**Flashcard #65** \n**Term:** versioning \n**Definition:** a method to track changes to files over time, allowing users to access previous versions or roll back to earlier states.

**Flashcard #66** \n**Term:** access control list (ACL) \n**Definition:** a list of permissions attached to an object that specifies which users or system processes can access it.

**Flashcard #67** \n**Term:** application software \n**Definition:** used to create, open, and manage files, such as word processors or media players.

**Flashcard #68** \n**Term:** cipher \n**Definition:** a command-line tool used to manage encryption and decryption of files on NTFS volumes.

**Flashcard #69** \n**Term:** disk quota \n**Definition:** a feature that allows administrators to limit the amount of disk space a user can use.

**Flashcard #70** \n**Term:** EFS \n**Definition:** encrypting file system, a feature of NTFS that provides file system–level encryption.

**Flashcard #71** \n**Term:** file \n**Definition:** the basic unit of storage that can be saved on any storage medium, representing user data or applications.

**Flashcard #72** \n**Term:** file association \n**Definition:** linking a file type with a specific application, allowing it to be opened by double-clicking its icon.

**Flashcard #73** \n**Term:** file attribute \n**Definition:** metadata assigned to a file that specifies its properties, such as read-only, hidden, compressed, or encrypted.

**Flashcard #74** \n**Term:** file extension \n**Definition:** the suffix at the end of a file name indicating its type and the application used to open it.

**Flashcard #75** \n**Term:** file permissions \n**Definition:** settings that control the actions users can perform on a file or folder, such as read, write, and execute.

**Flashcard #76** \n**Term:** file system driver \n**Definition:** a component of the OS that provides an interface for applications to read and write to disk storage.

**Flashcard #77** \n**Term:** file type \n**Definition:** the format of a file, indicating the kind of data it contains and the applications that can use it.

**Flashcard #78** \n**Term:** folder \n**Definition:** a virtual container used to organize files, also known as a directory.

**Flashcard #79** \n**Term:** nested folders \n**Definition:** folders within other folders, used to create a hierarchical structure for organizing files.

**Flashcard #80** \n**Term:** read permission \n**Definition:** a file permission that allows a user to view the contents of a file without making changes.

**Flashcard #81** \n**Term:** system file \n**Definition:** a file essential to the OS's functionality, typically not for user access or modification.

**Flashcard #82** \n**Term:** action \n**Definition:** the operation performed by a scheduled task, which can include starting a program, sending an email, or displaying a message.

**Flashcard #83** \n**Term:** background processes \n**Definition:** operations running in the background to support system and application functionalities.

**Flashcard #84** \n**Term:** computer management \n**Definition:** a Windows tool for managing system components, including services, storage, and performance.

**Flashcard #85** \n**Term:** create basic task wizard \n**Definition:** a guided interface within Task Scheduler that helps users create a new scheduled task by following a series of steps.

**Flashcard #86** \n**Term:** CPU percentage \n**Definition:** the percentage of CPU resources allocated to a specific process.

**Flashcard #87** \n**Term:** deprecated \n**Definition:** features marked for future removal and no longer recommended for use.

**Flashcard #88** \n**Term:** DHCP client \n**Definition:** a service that automatically obtains and updates the device's IP addresses and DNS records.

**Flashcard #89** \n**Term:** disk percentage \n**Definition:** the percentage of disk I/O activity generated by a process.

**Flashcard #90** \n**Term:** domain name system (DNS) \n**Definition:** a hierarchical and decentralized naming system for computers, services, or other resources connected to the internet or a private network.

**Flashcard #91** \n**Term:** dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) \n**Definition:** a network management protocol for dynamically assigning device IP addresses.

**Flashcard #92** \n**Term:** end task \n**Definition:** an action in Task Manager to terminate a process or application commonly used when the process is not responsive.

**Flashcard #93** \n**Term:** executable file \n**Definition:** a file containing a program that the computer can execute or run.

**Flashcard #94** \n**Term:** export \n**Definition:** a feature allowing users to save a task's configuration to a file, which can be imported on another system or shared.

**Flashcard #95** \n**Term:** memory percentage \n**Definition:** the percentage of system memory (RAM) used by a particular process.

**Flashcard #96** \n**Term:** network percentage \n**Definition:** the percentage of network bandwidth consumed by a process.

**Flashcard #97** \n**Term:** print spooler \n**Definition:** a service that manages print jobs and interactions with printers on the system.

**Flashcard #98** \n**Term:** program/script \n**Definition:** an executable file or script specified in the Action step that the scheduled task will run.

**Flashcard #99** \n**Term:** resource-intensive \n**Definition:** describing a process that consumes a significant amount of CPU, memory, disk, or network resources.

**Flashcard #100** \n**Term:** run \n**Definition:** an option to manually start a scheduled task immediately, typically used for testing purposes.

**Flashcard #101** \n**Term:** services console \n**Definition:** a dedicated interface within Computer Management for viewing and managing installed services.

**Flashcard #102** \n**Term:** start menu \n**Definition:** the menu in Windows from which applications, settings, and files can be accessed.

**Flashcard #103** \n**Term:** Task Scheduler \n**Definition:** a Windows utility that schedules automated tasks to run at specified times or events.

**Flashcard #104** \n**Term:** Task Scheduler Library \n**Definition:** the central repository within Task Scheduler where all created tasks are stored and managed.

**Flashcard #105** \n**Term:** trigger \n**Definition:** a condition or event that starts executing a scheduled task, such as a specific time, daily recurrence, or system event.

**Flashcard #106** \n**Term:** troubleshooting \n**Definition:** the process of identifying and resolving problems within a system or application to restore regular operation.

**Flashcard #107** \n**Term:** Windows processes \n**Definition:** executable instances of applications and background operations running within the Windows OS.

**Flashcard #108** \n**Term:** Windows services \n**Definition:** small executable files that support OS tasks and functionalities.

**Flashcard #109** \n**Term:** drivers \n**Definition:** software components that enable communication between the OS and hardware devices.

**Flashcard #110** \n**Term:** end \n**Definition:** an option to stop a running task before it completes its operation.

**Flashcard #111** \n**Term:** arguments/parameters/switches \n**Definition:** additional options or settings that modify a command's operation.

**Flashcard #112** \n**Term:** automation \n**Definition:** using scripts and commands to perform tasks automatically, without manual intervention.

**Flashcard #113** \n**Term:** cd (change directory) \n**Definition:** a command to change the current working directory.

**Flashcard #114** \n**Term:** chkdsk \n**Definition:** a command used to check the integrity of the disk and repair any found errors.

**Flashcard #115** \n**Term:** cmdlet \n**Definition:** a lightweight command used in the PowerShell environment, following a verb-noun syntax.

**Flashcard #116** \n**Term:** command-line interface (CLI) \n**Definition:** a text-based interface used to interact with the computer by typing commands.

**Flashcard #117** \n**Term:** command prompt \n**Definition:** a text-based interface that allows users to interact with the OS using commands.

**Flashcard #118** \n**Term:** commands \n**Definition:** instructions typed into a CLI to perform specific tasks, requiring precise syntax and parameters.

**Flashcard #119** \n**Term:** comment symbol \n**Definition:** a character (pound sign) used in scripts to add comments that are not executed.

**Flashcard #120** \n**Term:** get-command \n**Definition:** a PowerShell cmdlet used to retrieve a list of all available commands.

**Flashcard #121** \n**Term:** get-help \n**Definition:** a PowerShell cmdlet that provides detailed information and examples for specific commands.

**Flashcard #122** \n**Term:** graphical user interface (GUI) \n**Definition:** a visual interface allowing users to interact with the computer using graphical elements like icons, buttons, and menus.

**Flashcard #123** \n**Term:** hostname \n**Definition:** a command that displays the name of the computer.

**Flashcard #124** \n**Term:** ipconfig \n**Definition:** a command used to display IP address configuration details.

**Flashcard #125** \n**Term:** md (make directory) \n**Definition:** a command used to create a new directory.

**Flashcard #126** \n**Term:** Microsoft DOS (disk OS) \n**Definition:** an early OS that relied entirely on the Command Prompt for user interactions.

**Flashcard #127** \n**Term:** net stop/start \n**Definition:** commands to stop or start a specified service.

**Flashcard #128** \n**Term:** PowerShell \n**Definition:** a powerful command-line environment used for automating administrative tasks.

**Flashcard #129** \n**Term:** PowerShell ISE \n**Definition:** Integrated Scripting Environment, a graphical interface for writing, testing, and debugging PowerShell scripts.

**Flashcard #130** \n**Term:** pipe character \n**Definition:** a vertical line symbol (|) used to pass the output of one command as input to another command.

**Flashcard #131** \n**Term:** plug and play \n**Definition:** a feature allowing OSs to automatically detect and configure new hardware devices, simplifying their use in CLIs and GUIs.

**Flashcard #132** \n**Term:** parameters \n**Definition:** additional options or arguments provided with a command to modify its behavior.

**Flashcard #133** \n**Term:** script \n**Definition:** a set of commands saved in a file that can be executed to automate tasks.

**Flashcard #134** \n**Term:** scripting pane \n**Definition:** the section within PowerShell ISE where users can write and edit multiple commands before executing them.

**Flashcard #135** \n**Term:** start-service \n**Definition:** a PowerShell cmdlet used to start services based on the results of previous commands.

**Flashcard #136** \n**Term:** syntax \n**Definition:** the specific structure and format required for commands in a CLI.

**Flashcard #137** \n**Term:** antivirus \n**Definition:** software designed to detect, prevent, and remove malware and other malicious programs.

**Flashcard #138** \n**Term:** cookies \n**Definition:** small files stored on a user's device by websites to track browsing activity and preferences.

**Flashcard #139** \n**Term:** cyberbullying \n**Definition:** the use of social media to harass, threaten, or humiliate individuals.

**Flashcard #140** \n**Term:** data anonymization \n**Definition:** removing personally identifiable information from datasets to protect user privacy.

**Flashcard #141** \n**Term:** data breach \n**Definition:** an incident where sensitive, protected, or confidential data is accessed, disclosed, or stolen by unauthorized individuals.

**Flashcard #142** \n**Term:** data sharing \n**Definition:** distributing user information with third parties, often for advertising purposes.

**Flashcard #143** \n**Term:** device security \n**Definition:** measures taken to secure devices (such as smartphones or computers) from unauthorized access, theft, or loss, often involving passcodes, encryption, and remote management capabilities.

**Flashcard #144** \n**Term:** email privacy \n**Definition:** protecting the content and routing of email messages from unauthorized access or exposure.

**Flashcard #145** \n**Term:** encryption \n**Definition:** encoding information so only authorized parties can access it, ensuring privacy and security during transmission and storage.

**Flashcard #146** \n**Term:** end-to-end encryption \n**Definition:** a method of encrypting data from the sender to the recipient, ensuring only they can read it.

**Flashcard #147** \n**Term:** friend requests \n**Definition:** a feature that allows users to connect with others on social media, often granting access to more personal information.

**Flashcard #148** \n**Term:** FTP (file transfer protocol) \n**Definition:** a standard network protocol for transferring files between a client and server.

**Flashcard #149** \n**Term:** GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) \n**Definition:** a European Union regulation that sets guidelines for collecting and processing personal data.

**Flashcard #150** \n**Term:** geotagging \n**Definition:** adding location data to posts, which can disclose a user's whereabouts.

**Flashcard #151** \n**Term:** instant messaging \n**Definition:** text-based communication between users over the internet, sent and received instantly.

**Flashcard #152** \n**Term:** internet privacy \n**Definition:** the right to secure personal information and online activities from unauthorized access.

**Flashcard #153** \n**Term:** LAN (local area network) \n**Definition:** a network that connects computers within a limited area.

**Flashcard #154** \n**Term:** mail server \n**Definition:** handles and delivers email over a network.

**Flashcard #155** \n**Term:** malware \n**Definition:** malicious software designed to damage, disrupt, or gain unauthorized access to systems.

**Flashcard #156** \n**Term:** monitoring \n**Definition:** observing and checking the behavior and data of systems for security purposes.

**Flashcard #157** \n**Term:** multi-factor authentication (MFA) \n**Definition:** security measure that requires users to provide two or more verification factors (e.g., password, SMS code, fingerprint) to gain access to an account, enhancing security beyond just a password.

**Flashcard #158** \n**Term:** phishing \n**Definition:** a type of cyberattack where attackers trick individuals into providing sensitive information.

**Flashcard #159** \n**Term:** privacy policy \n**Definition:** a document that explains how an organization collects, uses, and protects user data.

**Flashcard #160** \n**Term:** privacy settings \n**Definition:** options provided by social media platforms that allow users to control who can see their information and posts.

**Flashcard #161** \n**Term:** profile visibility \n**Definition:** the extent to which a user's social media profile and posts can be viewed by others.

**Flashcard #162** \n**Term:** public Wi-Fi \n**Definition:** wireless internet connections provided in public places, which are inherently less secure.

**Flashcard #163** \n**Term:** public Wi-Fi security \n**Definition:** concerns and practices related to using Wi-Fi networks in public places, which may lack encryption and be vulnerable to eavesdropping and unauthorized access by malicious actors.

**Flashcard #164** \n**Term:** social engineering \n**Definition:** manipulating individuals into divulging confidential information through deceptive interactions on social media.

**Flashcard #165** \n**Term:** social networking privacy \n**Definition:** protecting personal information shared on social media platforms from unauthorized access.

**Flashcard #166** \n**Term:** SSL (secure sockets layer) \n**Definition:** a standard security protocol for establishing encrypted links between a web server and a browser.

**Flashcard #167** \n**Term:** tagging \n**Definition:** linking a person's profile to a post or photo, potentially revealing personal information.

**Flashcard #168** \n**Term:** terms of service \n**Definition:** a legal agreement between the social media platform and users outlining acceptable use and privacy practices.

**Flashcard #169** \n**Term:** TLS (transport layer security) \n**Definition:** an updated and more secure version of SSL.

**Flashcard #170** \n**Term:** tracking \n**Definition:** monitoring and collecting data on a user's online behavior and interactions.

**Flashcard #171** \n**Term:** VPN (virtual private network) \n**Definition:** service that encrypts internet connections and hides the user's IP address to enhance privacy.

**Flashcard #172** \n**Term:** WAN (wide area network) \n**Definition:** a network that extends over a large geographical area.

**Flashcard #173** \n**Term:** Wi-Fi \n**Definition:** wireless networking technology used to access the internet.

**Flashcard #174** \n**Term:** biometric data \n**Definition:** personal biological data used for identifying individuals, such as fingerprints.

**Flashcard #175** \n**Term:** corporate network \n**Definition:** an organization's internal network environment.

**Flashcard #176** \n**Term:** data classification \n**Definition:** categorizing data to define different security and access control levels.

**Flashcard #177** \n**Term:** device settings \n**Definition:** configuration options on a device that control application permissions and access.

**Flashcard #178** \n**Term:** employment agreement \n**Definition:** a contract outlining the terms and conditions of employment, including privacy policies.

**Flashcard #179** \n**Term:** free apps \n**Definition:** applications that do not require payment but may collect personal data for marketing purposes.

**Flashcard #180** \n**Term:** GPS tracking \n**Definition:** Global Positioning System technology that monitors the location and movement of devices or vehicles.

**Flashcard #181** \n**Term:** HTTPS \n**Definition:** an encrypted version of HTTP used to secure data during transfer.

**Flashcard #182** \n**Term:** internal threats \n**Definition:** security risks originating from within an organization.

**Flashcard #183** \n**Term:** litigation \n**Definition:** the process of taking legal action, which may require monitoring data as evidence.

**Flashcard #184** \n**Term:** location services \n**Definition:** device features that track and share the user's geographical location.

**Flashcard #185** \n**Term:** network monitoring software \n**Definition:** tools used to capture and analyze network traffic.

**Flashcard #186** \n**Term:** privacy expectations \n**Definition:** the standards and norms for protecting personal data.

**Flashcard #187** \n**Term:** server rooms \n**Definition:** secure areas where network servers and other critical hardware are stored.

**Flashcard #188** \n**Term:** third-party apps \n**Definition:** applications developed by entities other than the device's OS manufacturer.

**Flashcard #189** \n**Term:** trusted sources \n**Definition:** official app stores that vet and test applications before making them available.

**Flashcard #190** \n**Term:** vetted applications \n**Definition:** apps reviewed and tested for security by a trusted source.

**Flashcard #191** \n**Term:** acceptable use policy (AUP) \n**Definition:** guidelines defining permissible uses of organizational resources.

**Flashcard #192** \n**Term:** backups \n**Definition:** copies of data stored in case the original is damaged or inaccessible.

**Flashcard #193** \n**Term:** compliance \n**Definition:** adherence to regulations and standards.

**Flashcard #194** \n**Term:** confidential information \n**Definition:** sensitive data that must be protected from unauthorized access.

**Flashcard #195** \n**Term:** data breaches \n**Definition:** incidents where unauthorized individuals gain access to sensitive information.

**Flashcard #196** \n**Term:** data destruction \n**Definition:** securely erasing data when it is no longer needed.

**Flashcard #197** \n**Term:** data handling procedures \n**Definition:** guidelines for managing and protecting data throughout its life cycle.

**Flashcard #198** \n**Term:** information security \n**Definition:** practices and technologies that protect data from unauthorized access or alteration.

**Flashcard #199** \n**Term:** least privilege \n**Definition:** minimal access necessary for a user to perform their job.

**Flashcard #200** \n**Term:** password policy \n**Definition:** rules for creating and managing passwords to ensure security.

**Flashcard #201** \n**Term:** personally identifiable information (PII) \n**Definition:** data that can identify an individual.

**Flashcard #202** \n**Term:** physical security \n**Definition:** measures to protect physical assets and facilities from unauthorized access.

**Flashcard #203** \n**Term:** remote work procedures \n**Definition:** rules for securing data and devices outside the office.

**Flashcard #204** \n**Term:** risk management \n**Definition:** identifying, assessing, and mitigating potential security threats.

**Flashcard #205** \n**Term:** secure locations \n**Definition:** designated areas within an organization with restricted access to protect sensitive information.

**Flashcard #206** \n**Term:** security policy \n**Definition:** rules for protecting organizational information and assets.

**Flashcard #207** \n**Term:** user training \n**Definition:** educating employees on security policies and best practices.

**Flashcard #208** \n**Term:** administrative account \n**Definition:** a user account with full permissions to manage a system.

**Flashcard #209** \n**Term:** BitLocker \n**Definition:** a Windows feature for disk-level encryption.

**Flashcard #210** \n**Term:** brute force attack \n**Definition:** a method to guess passwords by trying many combinations.

**Flashcard #211** \n**Term:** ciphertext \n**Definition:** encrypted text that is unreadable without decryption.

**Flashcard #212** \n**Term:** data at rest \n**Definition:** data stored on a device, not actively being used or transferred.

**Flashcard #213** \n**Term:** data in transit \n**Definition:** data transferred between systems over a network.

**Flashcard #214** \n**Term:** dictionary attack \n**Definition:** a technique to guess passwords using a list of common words and phrases.

**Flashcard #215** \n**Term:** digital certificate \n**Definition:** an electronic document used to prove the ownership of a public key.

**Flashcard #216** \n**Term:** disk-level encryption \n**Definition:** encrypting the entire contents of a storage device.

**Flashcard #217** \n**Term:** decryption \n**Definition:** converting encrypted data back into its original form.

**Flashcard #218** \n**Term:** encrypted backup \n**Definition:** a copy of data that is also encrypted for added security.

**Flashcard #219** \n**Term:** encryption algorithm \n**Definition:** a mathematical procedure used to encrypt.

**Flashcard #220** \n**Term:** encryption key \n**Definition:** a code used to encrypt data.

**Flashcard #221** \n**Term:** file-level encryption \n**Definition:** encrypting individual files or folders.

**Flashcard #222** \n**Term:** FileVault \n**Definition:** a macOS feature for disk-level encryption.

**Flashcard #223** \n**Term:** HTTPS (hypertext transfer protocol secure) \n**Definition:** an encrypted version of HTTP used for secure communication on the web.

**Flashcard #224** \n**Term:** NTFS (New Technology File System) \n**Definition:** the predominant file system used by modern Windows OSs, known for supporting large partitions and security features.

**Flashcard #225** \n**Term:** password complexity \n**Definition:** the inclusion of various character types to strengthen passwords.

**Flashcard #226** \n**Term:** password expiry policy \n**Definition:** a policy requiring regular password changes.

**Flashcard #227** \n**Term:** password history policy \n**Definition:** rules preventing the reuse of old passwords.

**Flashcard #228** \n**Term:** password manager \n**Definition:** a tool to securely store and manage passwords.

**Flashcard #229** \n**Term:** PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) \n**Definition:** an encryption program that provides cryptographic privacy and authentication for data communication.

**Flashcard #230** \n**Term:** physical security \n**Definition:** measures to protect physical devices from unauthorized access.

**Flashcard #231** \n**Term:** PKI \n**Definition:** public key infrastructure, a framework for managing digital certificates and public-key encryption.

**Flashcard #232** \n**Term:** plaintext \n**Definition:** readable text without encryption.

**Flashcard #233** \n**Term:** private key \n**Definition:** a key used to decrypt data encrypted with a public key.

**Flashcard #234** \n**Term:** public key \n**Definition:** a key used to encrypt data in public key cryptography.

**Flashcard #235** \n**Term:** secure tunneling \n**Definition:** transmitting data through a safe, encrypted tunnel, often used in VPN connections.

**Flashcard #236** \n**Term:** security questions \n**Definition:** questions used to verify a user's identity for password recovery.

**Flashcard #237** \n**Term:** single sign-on (SSO) \n**Definition:** a system that allows one log-in to access multiple related services.

**Flashcard #238** \n**Term:** S/MIME (secure/multipurpose internet mail extensions) \n**Definition:** a protocol for sending encrypted email.

**Flashcard #239** \n**Term:** social engineering \n**Definition:** manipulating individuals into revealing confidential information.

**Flashcard #240** \n**Term:** SSL (secure sockets layer) \n**Definition:** the predecessor to TLS, used for securing data in transit.

**Flashcard #241** \n**Term:** TLS (transport layer security) \n**Definition:** a protocol for secure communication over a network.

**Flashcard #242** \n**Term:** user account \n**Definition:** an identity created for a user to access system resources.

**Flashcard #243** \n**Term:** VPN (virtual private network) \n**Definition:** a service that creates a secure, encrypted connection over a less secure network, such as the internet.