Unit Three Besty Vocab

Definition: The shared practices, technologies, attitudes, and behaviors transmitted by a society.

Description: Includes language, religion, food preferences, and art. It's learned and passed down through generations.

Example: Wearing traditional clothing or celebrating specific festivals such as Diwali in India.

Definition: The spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another.

Description: Occurs through migration, trade, or mass communication, influencing societies globally.

Example: The spread of sushi from Japan to various parts of the world.

Definition: The process of adopting some elements of another culture while retaining one's original culture.

Description: This is often a two-way exchange, though one culture may dominate.

Example: Immigrants in the U.S. may adopt American customs while retaining traditional foods and holidays.

Definition: The process whereby a minority group gradually adopts the customs and attitudes of the prevailing culture.

Description: Often results in the loss of the original cultural identity.

Example: Native American children being forced to attend English-speaking schools and adopt American customs.

Definition: The origin area from which a culture, innovation, or idea spreads.

Description: Major cultural hearths include Mesopotamia and the Nile River Valley.

Example: The diffusion of agriculture began in the Fertile Crescent.

Definition: Traditionally practiced by small, homogenous, rural groups living in isolation.

Description: Characterized by a strong sense of place and adherence to traditional practices.

Example: Amish communities in the United States.

Definition: Culture that is widespread among a society's population.

Description: Characterized by mass media, consumerism, and rapid change.

Example: Global fashion trends or music like K-pop.

Definition: The visible imprint of human activity on the landscape.

Description: Includes buildings, roads, and other structures that reflect cultural values.

Example: The skyline of New York City as a reflection of economic power and modern architecture.

Definition: The idea that a person’s beliefs and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than judged against the criteria of another.

Description: Promotes the idea that no culture is superior to another.

Example: A cultural relativist might argue against judging a practice like arranged marriage by Western standards.

Definition: Evaluating other cultures according to the standards of one's own culture.

Description: Can lead to misunderstanding or conflict between cultures.

Example: The belief that Western medicine is superior to traditional healing methods.

Definition: A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom.

Description: Taboos can vary greatly between cultures and are often connected to religion or tradition.

Example: In many Muslim-majority countries, consuming pork is taboo.

Definition: A group of languages that share a common ancestral language.

Description: These can be divided into smaller branches.

Example: The Indo-European language family, which includes languages like English, Spanish, and Hindi.

Definition: A collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestral language.

Description: Languages in a branch developed more recently and share closer connections than those in a family.

Example: The Romance languages (Spanish, French, Italian) are a branch of the Indo-European family.

Definition: A common language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and communication.

Description: Helps facilitate communication between people with different native languages.

Example: English is often used as a lingua franca in international business and air travel.

Definition: A stable natural language that develops from the mixing of parent languages.

Description: Typically arises in colonial situations where speakers of different languages need to communicate.

Example: Haitian Creole, which developed from French and African languages.

Definition: A regional variation of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

Description: Dialects can reflect geographic, social, or ethnic differences.

Example: The difference between British and American English.

Definition: A boundary that separates regions with different language features.

Description: This linguistic boundary can be based on word usage or pronunciation.

Example: The line in the U.S. separating areas that say "soda" versus "pop."

Definition: A religion that seeks to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.

Description: Universalizing religions are often proselytizing and actively seek converts.

Example: Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism.

Definition: A religion that is particular to one culturally distinct group of people.

Description: Typically does not seek converts and is passed down through family lines.

Example: Hinduism and Judaism.

Definition: A doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations in public life.

Description: Promotes the separation of church and state.

Example: France’s strict laws regarding secularism in public schools.

Definition: The belief in one God.

Description: Major monotheistic religions include Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Example: Christianity, with its belief in one God, is a monotheistic religion.

Definition: The belief in or worship of more than one god.

Description: Found in many ancient and traditional belief systems.

Example: Hinduism is often considered polytheistic, with a variety of gods such as Vishnu, Shiva, and Brahma.

Definition: A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a specific nation.

Description: Often characterized by a sense of national identity tied to the political entity.

Example: Japan is often cited as an example of a nation-state due to its cultural homogeneity.

Definition: A nation that does not have its own independent state.

Description: Often leads to conflict as the group may seek independence or recognition.

Example: The Kurds, who live across several countries but lack their own sovereign state.

Definition: A state that contains more than one nation within its borders.

Description: These can be stable or marked by conflict between national groups.

Example: Canada, with a French-speaking nation in Quebec and English-speaking populations elsewhere.

Definition: A force that unifies a state and brings people together.

Description: Can include shared culture, national institutions, or external threats.

Example: A strong national identity or common language can serve as a centripetal force.

Definition: A force that divides people and countries.

Description: Can include ethnic differences, political corruption, or economic disparity.

Example: Ethnic conflict in Yugoslavia leading to its fragmentation.

Definition: The practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

Description: Primarily associated with European powers from the 15th to the 20th century.

Example: British colonization of India.

Definition: The policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Description: Often seen as the broader system under which colonialism operates.

Example: European control over Africa during the Scramble for Africa in the 19th century.

Definition: The notion that resources flow from poor states to wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former.

Description: Criticizes the relationship between developed and developing countries.

Example: The economic relationship between former colonial powers and their colonies can be seen as one of dependency.

Definition: The practice of using economic or political pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies.

Description: Exploits economic structures rather than direct political control.

Example: Multinational corporations exerting control over natural resources in Africa.

Definition: The transfer of political power from the central government to regional governments.

Description: Often occurs to accommodate ethnic or cultural differences.

Example: The United Kingdom devolving powers to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

Definition: An entity composed of three or more states that forge an association and form an administrative structure for mutual benefit and shared goals.

Description: These organizations typically deal with global issues like trade, security, or the environment.

Example: The European Union (EU) is a prominent supranational organization.

Definition: The manipulation of electoral district boundaries for political advantage.

Description: Can result in oddly shaped districts and a lack of fair representation.

Example: Drawing voting districts to favor a particular political party.

Definition: The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

Description: Characterized by increased interconnectedness and interdependence of people and countries.

Example: The global spread of fast-food chains like McDonald’s.

Definition: The increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Description: Driven by economic opportunities and is a key part of modernization in many countries.

Example: The rapid growth of cities like Lagos, Nigeria, due to migration from rural areas.

Definition: The process of population movement from within cities to the rural-urban fringe.

Description: Often driven by the desire for larger homes, better schools, and a quieter environment.

Example: The expansion of suburban areas around American cities like Atlanta.

Definition: A city with a population of over 10 million people.

Description: Often characterized by rapid growth and significant challenges in terms of infrastructure and services.

Example: Tokyo, Japan, is one of the largest megacities in the world.

Definition: A city that is disproportionately larger than any other city in the country.

Description: Often acts as the political, economic, and cultural hub of a country.

Example: Bangkok, Thailand, is a primate city.

Definition: A concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment outside a traditional downtown in what was previously a residential or rural area.

Description: These areas emerge around major highways or near airports.

Example: Tysons Corner in Virginia, near Washington D.C.

Definition: The process of renovating and improving a house or district so that it conforms to middle-class taste.

Description: Often displaces lower-income residents as property values and living costs rise.

Example: The gentrification of neighborhoods like Brooklyn in New York City.

Definition: Legal restrictions on land use that determine what types of buildings and economic activities are allowed to take place in certain areas.

Description: Helps regulate the development of urban areas.

Example: A zoning law may designate an area as residential only, restricting the establishment of factories or large businesses.

Definition: A ring of land maintained as parks, agricultural land, or other types of open space to limit urban sprawl.

Description: Helps to preserve natural areas and limit the spread of cities.

Example: The greenbelt around London.

Definition: An area within a city in a less developed country where people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent.

Description: Often lacks basic services such as water, sanitation, and electricity.

Example: The favelas of Rio de Janeiro.

Definition: A period of major industrialization that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s.

Description: Marked by the rise of factories, mechanized production, and urbanization.

Example: The growth of textile factories in Manchester, England.

Definition: A business or manufacturing activity carried on in a person's home.

Description: Pre-industrial form of production where goods were made by hand in small quantities.

Example: Weaving textiles in homes before the development of large factories during the Industrial Revolution.

Definition: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Description: Emphasizes economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity.

Example: Renewable energy projects like wind farms and solar power.

Definition: A measure of a country's social and economic development.

Description: Includes life expectancy, education level, and per capita income.

Example: Norway consistently ranks highly on the HDI.

Definition: The total value of goods and services produced within a country in a year.

Description: A key indicator of a country’s economic health.

Example: The U.S. has one of the highest GDPs in the world.

Definition: The part of the economy that involves the extraction of raw materials.

Description: Includes agriculture, mining, forestry, and fishing.

Example: Farming wheat or mining coal.

 51. Secondary Sector

Definition: The part of the economy that transforms raw materials into finished products.

Description: Includes manufacturing and industrial processes.

Example: Turning steel into cars in an automobile factory.

Definition: The part of the economy that provides services rather than goods.

Description: Includes a wide range of services like retail, entertainment, and financial services.

Example: A retail store or a bank providing services to customers.

Definition: The part of the economy concerned with information, research, and technology.

Description: Includes professionals working in technology, education, and research industries.

Example: A software development company or a research institute.

Definition: The part of the economy that involves high-level decision-making and includes top executives or government officials.

Description: Involves roles that shape policies and direct operations.

Example: A CEO of a multinational corporation or a government leader.

Definition: An industry in which the final product weighs more or has a greater volume than the inputs.

Description: Usually located near markets to minimize transportation costs.

Example: Beverage bottling, where the weight of the liquid is added to the product.

Definition: An industry in which the final product weighs less or has less volume than the inputs.

Description: Typically located near the source of raw materials to reduce transportation costs.

Example: Copper mining, where the ore is heavier than the finished product.

Definition: A strategy where materials and goods are delivered only as they are needed in the production process.

Description: Helps reduce inventory costs but relies heavily on efficient transportation and communication.

Example: Car manufacturers like Toyota use just-in-time systems to minimize storage costs.

Definition: A business practice of hiring an external organization to perform services or create goods traditionally performed in-house.

Description: Often used to reduce costs by taking advantage of lower labor costs abroad.

Example: U.S. companies outsourcing customer service operations to countries like India.

Definition: The relocation of business processes or production to a foreign country.

Description: Typically done to reduce costs, particularly labor costs.

Example: Companies manufacturing electronics in China.

Definition: The clustering of industries or businesses in a specific area.

Description: Can result in shared services, facilities, and access to specialized labor markets.

Example: Silicon Valley, where many technology companies are clustered.

Definition: Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement.

Description: These industries bring money into the local economy by exporting goods.

Example: A car manufacturing plant that exports cars to other regions or countries.

Definition: Industries that sell their products or services primarily to local consumers.

Description: Support the local economy by providing for the needs of residents.

Example: A local grocery store or a dry cleaner.

Definition: A small-scale, home-based manufacturing business.

Description: Common before the Industrial Revolution when most goods were made in homes rather than factories.

Example: Handweaving textiles in a small village.

Definition: Factories built by U.S. companies in Mexico near the U.S. border to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico.

Description: Products are typically assembled in Mexico and then exported to the U.S.

Example: Electronics and clothing factories in northern Mexico.

Definition: A system of mass production that was pioneered in the early 20th century by the Ford Motor Company.

Description: Focuses on specialized, assembly-line techniques and standardized products.

Example: Ford's Model T assembly line that allowed for the mass production of affordable cars.

Definition: Modern industrial production has moved away from mass production to more flexible and specialized forms of production.

Description: Involves small-batch production, often using technology and more flexible work arrangements.

Example: Customized products like personalized smartphones.

Definition: A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as 'central places' providing services to surrounding areas.

Description: Larger settlements offer more specialized services, while smaller settlements offer basic services.

Example: A regional capital offering specialized medical services while smaller towns provide basic needs.

Definition: The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.

Description: Higher-order services like hospitals have a larger range, while everyday services like convenience stores have a smaller range.

Example: People may travel many miles to see a specialist doctor but only a few blocks to go to a supermarket.

Definition: The minimum number of people needed to support a service.

Description: Determines whether a business or service can be viable in a particular location.

Example: A high-end restaurant needs a larger population with disposable income to remain profitable.

Definition: A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.

Description: Typically found in developed countries with a relatively equal distribution of services.

Example: The second-largest city will have half the population of the largest, the third-largest will have one-third, and so on.

Definition: A pattern where the largest city in a country is significantly larger than the next largest.

Description: This often means the largest city is the primary hub for economic, political, and cultural activities.

Example: Mexico City is much larger than the second-largest city in Mexico.

Definition: The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas.

Description: Often results in the loss of agricultural land, increased traffic, and environmental degradation.

Example: The expansion of Los Angeles into surrounding areas.

Definition: A theory that explains how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district increases.

Description: Land closer to the city center is more expensive due to its convenience.

Example: Land values in downtown Manhattan are much higher than those in rural areas of New York State.

Definition: A model of urban land use developed by Homer Hoyt that suggests cities develop in sectors or wedges.

Description: Each sector has a different function, such as industrial, residential, or commercial.

Example: A city's industrial sector might develop along major highways or railroads.

Definition: A model of urban land use developed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman, which suggests cities have multiple centers or 'nuclei' around which different types of development cluster.

Description: Different activities cluster around different nodes in the city.

Example: A shopping mall or an airport can act as a nucleus attracting businesses and residential areas.

Definition: The study of the physical form and structure of urban places.

Description: Focuses on how cities develop in terms of buildings, streets, and infrastructure.

Example: The grid pattern of streets in New York City versus the more organic development of older European cities.

Definition: A city that serves as a link between one country or region and others because of its location.

Description: Often serves as a port of entry and distribution for large geographic areas.

Example: New York City serves as a gateway for immigrants coming to the U.S.

Definition: A relatively large urban area situated on the outskirts of a city, typically characterized by extensive office and retail spaces.

Description: Often emerges near major highways or airports.

Example: Tysons Corner, Virginia, outside of Washington, D.C.

Definition: The process of renovating and improving a district so that it conforms to middle-class taste.

Description: Often leads to rising property values and displacement of lower-income residents.

Example: The transformation of neighborhoods like Brooklyn in New York City.

Definition: A large, sprawling urban complex formed by the convergence of multiple cities.

Description: Often occurs in regions where metropolitan areas grow and merge.

Example: The BosWash corridor, stretching from Boston to Washington, D.C., is an example of a megalopolis.

Definition: A city that acts as an important node in the global economic system.

Description: These cities have major influence on global finance, trade, and culture.

Example: London, New York City, and Tokyo are considered global cities.

Definition: The redevelopment of areas within a city, typically involving the removal of slums or outdated infrastructure.

Description: Often controversial, as it can lead to gentrification and displacement of residents.

Example: The renovation of downtown Detroit as part of urban renewal efforts.

Definition: A discriminatory practice where banks refuse loans to people living in certain neighborhoods, often based on race or income.

Description: It has historically contributed to economic disparity and urban decay.

Example: Redlining practices in the mid-20th century U.S. led to long-term disinvestment in African American neighborhoods.

Definition: A metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities.

Description: Caused by factors like asphalt, buildings, and reduced vegetation.

Example: Cities like Phoenix experience extreme urban heat island effects due to large amounts of concrete and limited greenery.

Definition: The change in density of a city from its center to its outskirts.

Description: Typically, population density decreases as one moves from the central business district (CBD) outward.

Example: In cities like Chicago, population density is much higher downtown compared to suburban areas.

Definition: An area of open land around a city where building is restricted, in order to limit urban sprawl.

Description: Intended to provide fresh air and recreational areas for city dwellers.

Example: The greenbelt around London helps control the city's expansion and preserve natural areas.

Definition: The physical characteristics of a place, including its location, climate, and natural resources.

Description: Often determines the initial settlement and economic activities of a region.

Example: The site of New York City is advantageous due to its natural harbor.

Definition: The location of a place relative to other places and its surrounding environment.

Description: Situation influences a city's access to trade routes, resources, and connections with other cities.

Example: Chicago's situation as a transportation hub between the East and West U.S. contributed to its growth.

Definition: A city that acts as a port of entry and distribution for large geographic areas.

Description: Often strategically located for international trade or migration.

Example: Hong Kong serves as a gateway to China and Southeast Asia.

Definition: The minimum population required to support a particular type of economic activity or service.

Description: Determines whether a business or service can be viable in a certain location.

Example: A high-end restaurant might only be sustainable in a large urban area with a wealthy population.

Definition: The division of a city into areas that serve different purposes or functions, such as residential, commercial, or industrial zones.

Description: Helps organize a city’s layout for efficiency and order.

Example: New York City’s Midtown Manhattan is a commercial zone with offices and retail, while the Upper East Side is primarily residential.

Definition: Areas within a city that have less desirable characteristics, often due to poverty, crime, or environmental issues.

Description: Typically found in less developed or poorer parts of cities.

Example: Informal settlements or slums in developing cities can be considered disamenity zones.

Definition: The process by which a city or municipality extends its boundaries into adjacent areas not already incorporated into the city.

Description: Typically done to accommodate growing populations or expand tax bases.

Example: The annexation of Brooklyn into New York City in 1898.

Definition: A neighborhood where people from a specific ethnic background live together and maintain cultural traditions.

Description: Often forms due to immigration and social networks.

Example: Little Italy in New York City or Chinatown in San Francisco.

Definition: An urban design movement that promotes walkable, mixed-use communities as an alternative to sprawling suburbs.

Description: Focuses on sustainable, community-centered development.

Example: Seaside, Florida, is a planned community built on new urbanist principles.

Definition: The process of housing being passed down from higher-income groups to lower-income groups over time.

Description: Can lead to physical deterioration of neighborhoods and decreased property values.

Example: In older U.S. cities, many homes once occupied by wealthy residents are now inhabited by lower-income families.

Definition: A real estate practice where agents persuade homeowners to sell properties cheaply by stoking fears that racial minorities would soon move into the neighborhood.

Description: This often led to racial segregation and significant demographic changes in neighborhoods.

Example: Blockbusting in Chicago during the mid-20th century contributed to white flight and the rise of segregated neighborhoods.

Definition: The movement of people from cities to residential areas on the outskirts of cities.

Description: Typically driven by the desire for more space, better schools, and lower crime rates.

Example: The growth of suburban neighborhoods like Levittown after World War II.

Definition: The process where people move from urban areas to more rural or less densely populated areas beyond the suburbs.

Description: Often driven by the desire for a rural lifestyle with access to urban amenities.

Example: People living in rural areas outside cities like Atlanta while commuting into the city for work.

Definition: A demographic and social process whereby people move from urban areas to rural areas.

Description: Common in developed countries, often as a response to overcrowding and high living costs in cities.

Example: The movement of people from large U.S. cities to smaller towns during the COVID-19 pandemic.