blood
What are the functions of the blood?
-Transports dissolved gases via RBCs (O2/CO2), nutrients & wastes and hormones
-Regulates pH (buffer systems 7.35 - 7.45)
-Restricts fluid loss at injury sites (clotting)
-Defends the body against toxins and pathogens (WBCs)
-Regulates body temperature by absorbing and redistributing heat
What are the three elements, other than plasma, that make up whole blood?
-Red Blood Cells (RBC)
-White Blood Cells (WBC)
-Platelets
What is the percentage of plasma in blood volume?
-46-63%
Blood is what type of tissue?
-A liquid connective tissue
Water makes up how much of blood PLASMA?
-91.5%
What does water do as a component of blood plasma?
-It is a solvent and suspending medium. It absorbs, transports, and releases heat
What are the 3 types of plasma proteins?
-Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogens
What produces plasma proteins and what do plasma proteins do?
-The liver produces plasma proteins and they are responsible for colloid osmotic pressure
What do albumins do?
-They maintain osmotic pressure which is important in the exchange of fluids across blood capillary walls
What do albumins do?
-The help maintain osmotic pressure which helps exchange fluids across blood capillary walls
What do globulins do?
-Immunoglobulins attack viruses and bacteria
What do Alpha and beta globulins do?
- transport iron, lipids, and fat soluble vitamins
What do fibrogens do?
-they are large proteins that help in blood clotting
What are the other solutes of blood plasma?
-Electrolytes, nutrients, gases, regulatory substances, and waste products
What are electrolytes and what do they do?
-They are inorganic salts that maintain osmotic pressure and play essential roles in cell functions
What are the positively charges electrolytes?
-Na, K, Ca, Mg
What are the negatively charged electrolytes?
-Cl, HPO, SO, HCO
What are some examples of nutrients found in blood plasma?
-Amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, glycerol, vitamins, and minerals.
What do nutrients do?
-Thy play roles in cells functions, growth and development
What are examples of gases found in blood plasma?
-Oxygen, CO2, and nitrogen
What do gases in blood plasma do?
-Oxygen is important doe cellular functions and carbon dioxide is known for the regulation of blood pH
What are examples of regulatory substances?
-Enzymes, hormones, and vitamins
What do the regulatory substances do?
-Enzymes - Catalyze chemical reactions
-Hormones - Regulate metabolism, growth, and development
-Vitamins - the are cofactors for enzymatic reactions
What are examples of waste products?
-Urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, bilirubin, and ammonia
What is the function of waste products?
-They are breakdown products of protein metabolism, they are carried by the blood to organs of excretion
What is the name of the process of producing blood cells
-Hemopoiesis or Hematopoeisis
What do pluripotent stem cells do?
They turn into different types of blood cells
How many days does it usually take for RBC's to degenerate?
120 Days
How much of hemoglobin makes up RBC's (percentage)?
95%
What is hemoglobin made by?
Formed from two alpha and beta polypeptide chains
What are the functions of hemoglobin
regulating blood flow and blood pressure by releasing nitric oxide which causes vasodilation this improves blood flow and enhances oxygen delivery
What does carbonic anhydrase do?
It is a buffer that catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and water to carbonic acid, it transports abut 70% of CO2 in plasma
What are the stages for RBC Maturation?
Proerythroblast
Erythroblasts (Basophilic, polychromatophilic, normoblast)
Day 5-7: Reticulocyte
Mature Red blood cell
What are reticulocytes?
They are immature red blood cells that enter circulation and mature in 1 to 2 days
When is erythropoietin released?
It is released from kidneys in response to hypoxia (low blood oxygen
What are the reasons EPO would appear in blood?
Anemia, low blood flow through kidneys, low oxygen in blood due to high altitude, damaged respiratory surfaces in the lung
What is nutritional anemia?
Low dietary levels or iron, vitamin b12 and folic acid
What is Pernicious anemia?
A decreased secretion of Intrinsic Factor by parietal cells of the stomach
What are the two classifications of leukocytes?
Granular or agranular
What are the types of granular leukocytes?
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
What are the types of agranular leukocytes?
lymphocytes and monocytes
What is the life span of white blood cells?
Months or years
What is the main function of WBC's?
They combat invading microbes
What is it called when WBC's leave the bloodstream and collect at sites of invasion?
Emigration or Diapedesis
What does elevation in white blood count indicate?
infection or inflammation
What does a high count of neutrophils indicate?
Bacterial infection, burns, stress, or inflammation
What does a high count of lymphocytes indicate?
Viral infections, some leukemias, infection mononucleosis
What does a high count of monocytes indicate?
Viral or fungal infections, tuberculosis, some leukemias, other chronic diseases
What does a high count of eosinophils indicate?
Allergic reaction, parasitic functions, or autoimmune diseases
What does a high count of basophils indicate?
Allergic reactions, leukemias, cancers, or hypothyroidism
What does a low count of neutrophils indicate?
Radiation expose, drug toxicity, Vitamin B12 deficiency, systemic lupus, erythematosus (SLE)
What do low counts of lymphocytes indicate?
Prolonged illness, HIV infection, immunosuppression, treatment with cortisol
What do low counts of monocytes indicate?
Bone marrow suppression, treatment with cortisol
What do low counts of eosinophils indicate?
Drug toxicity, stress, acute allergic reactions
What do low counts of basophils indicate?
-Pregnancy, ovulation, stress, hypothyroidism
What are platelets used for?
-Clotting the blood
What does the hormone thrombopoietin do to hemopoietic stem cells?
-It turns them to platelets
How long to platelets survive?
-5-9 days
What does hemostasis mean?
-stop bleeding
What are the phases of hemostasis?
-Vascular phase, Platelet phase, and coagulation phase
What happens in the vascular phase?
-Local blood vessel constriction (vascular spasm)
What happens in the platelet phase?
-Platelets are activated, aggregated at the site and stick to the damaged surfaces
What type of feedback does the platelet phase use and how is it done?
-The platelet phase uses positive feedback by secreting substances
what does plasmin, or fibrinolysin, do?
-dissolved small unwanted clots
About how many RBCs are in females?
-4.8 million nL
About how many RBCs are found in males?
-5.4 million per nL
What are the characteristics of RBCs
-7-8 nm diameter, biconcave discs, anucleated, live for 120 days
what do RBCs do?
-Hemoglobin in RBCs transport oxygen and CO2 in the blood
How many WBCs/leukocytes are there per nL
-5000-10000
How long do leuokcytes live?
-Few hours to a few days
Which granular leukocyte makes up 60-70% of all WBCs
-Neutrophils
What are the characteristics of Neutrophils?
-10-12 nm diameter, nucleus has 2-5 lobes connected by thing strands of chromatin, cytoplasm has very fine pale lilac granules
Which granular leukocyte makes up 2-4% of all WBCs?
-Eosinophils
Which granular leukocyte makes up 0.5-1% of all WBCs?
-Basophils
what are the characteristics of Basophils?
-8-10nm diameter, nucleus has 2 loves large cytoplasm granules appear deep blue-purple
Which stain is used to see the colors of the granular leukocytes?
-Wright's stain
Which lymphocytes can live for many years once they are established?
-T and B memory cells
Which granular leukocyte makes up 20-25% of all WBCs
-T cells, B cells and natural killer cells
What do lymphocytes do?
-Mediate immune responses and antigen-antibody reactions
B cells?
-develop into plasma cells, and then they secrete antibodies
T cells ?
-attack invading viruses cancer cells and transplanted tissue cells