american

15.5

Division of German

• Germany divided into four zones of occupation

• United States / Soviet Union / Great Britain / France

  Potsdam Conference - 1945

• Attended by Truman (United States) / Atlee (England) / Stalin (Soviet Union)

• Divide Germany into four zones of occupation

• Allow Soviets to claim war reparations

• New borders and free elections in Poland

  Cold War Superpowers

• The United States and Soviet Union

• Emerged from the war strong and confident / Were no longer allies

• U.S. International Cooperation

• America looked to take a new position in the world

• Senate rejection of the Treaty of Versailles was viewed as a mistake

• America was ready to embrace world organizations o U.S. prosperity hinged on world peace and economic development.

• The U.S. helped establish:

• International Monetary Fund / The World Bank / GATT

• GATT
  General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

• Designed to expand trade by reducing tariffs

• Forerunner to the World Trade Organization (WTO)

• The United Nations

• Created after WWil to protect the peace & prevent future wars

• 50 Nations Allied together

• Security Council: the five major World War Il Allies

• US, USSR, Great Britain, France, China

• Provided aid to needy nations

• Issued the Declaration of Human Rights

• The Geneva Convention

• International agreement governing the humane treatment of wounded soldiers and prisoners of war

• The Nuremberg Trials

• Trials against Nazi war criminals for crimes during the Holocaust

• Trials put a glaring spotlight on the evils of the Third Reich

• Renewed vigor Civil Rights Fight

• Growing number of whites joined in

• WWII was fought for freedom, democracy, justice, & should granted at home

16.1

• U.S. / USSR differences

U.S.

Capitalist democracy

Value: Freedom & Individual rights

USSR

Communist dictatorship

Communist party wielded total control over lives of the Soviet people

Capitalism vs Communism

• Capitalism

• Economic system in which manufacturing is controlled by private corporations and individuals competing for profit

• Communism
  Economic system in which manufacturing is controlled by the workers
  Workers take over society and proclaim to end all differences between social and economic classes

The Cold War (definition)

• State of indirect conflict that existed between the U.S. and Soviet Union for more than 4 deca
  World War II

• Battle for science, technology, education, athletics, strength

• No formal declaration of war

• "Iron Curtain"
  Taken from Churchill's speech in Missouri

• Battlefront of the Cold War, divided capitalist West from communist East

• The Truman Doctrine

• U.S. promised $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey

• Pledged American support for free people fighting against communism

• American forces would become a "Global Police Force" to fight communism

• George Kennan (American Diplomat) and Containment

• U.S. could do nothing about removing the Soviets from areas already under their control

• All future expansion by USSR must be contained

• Negotiate first, use force as last resort / Policy for entire Cold War

• The Marshall Plan
  o Goals of the Marshall Plan

• Provide humanitarian aid
  Fight communism

• Sec of State George Marshall unveiled a European recovery plan

• U.S. gave $13 billion in grants and loans to Western European nations

• Provided: Food / Fuel / Money for the Economy

• Incredible success

The Berlin Blockade and Berlin Airlift

° Stalin was determined to capture West Berlin & blocked all entrances from Western Germany into West Berlin

o U.S. planes brought supplies for nearly one year

One U.S. plane landed, on average, every 3 minutes for several months

• Blockade ended in 1949

• NSC-68 (National Security Council)

• A report to Truman discussing the threat of the Soviet Union & how to keep the US safe

• Expanded the defense budget

• NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
  Formed to provide a military alliance to counter Communist expansion
  An attack on one is an attack on all / COLLECTIVE SECURITY

• The Warsaw Pact
  Was a political and military alliance established between the Soviet Union and several Eastern European countries.

Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek)

Nationalist leader who was supported by the United States

• Mao Zedong
  Communist leader who was supported by the Soviet Union

• Leader of the People Republic of China

• The People's Republic of China

• China became a Communist country

• 38th Parallel
  Dividing line between North & South Korea which was established after WWII

• Start of Korean War - 1950
  North Korean troops, armed with Soviet equipment, invaded South Korea

• General MacArthur

• US General that lead the US/UN forces against North Korea
  Inchon
  City in North Korea where US forces began their attack on North Korea

• Truman v. MacArthur
  Truman wanted to end the war as quickly as possible and stop the fighting while MacArthur wanted to continue the fighting and invade China.

• On 11 April 1951, Truman relieved MacArthur of his commands for insubordination after MacArthur made public statements which contradicted the administration's policies.

• Eisenhower

• War becomes a political issue in the election of 1952 & he promised to end the war if elected

• Convinced that only strong action would break stalemate threatened to use nuclear weapons if peace wasn't settled

• July 27, 1953: the two sides signed a cease-fire

• Korean War results

• Neither side won the war

• North remained communist, allied to China and USSR

• South remained noncommunist

• Increased military spending
  Creation of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

• SEATO - Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
  Defensive alliance aimed at preventing the spread of communism

16.3

• Communist advances
  Soviet Union has developed their own Atomic Bomb

• China has become a Communist country

• Mutually Assured Destruction - MAD

• Notion that a nuclear attack by one superpower would be met with a nuclear counterattack such that both the countries would be annihilated.

• Massive Retaliation

• Nuclear strategy in which a state commits itself to retaliate in much greater force in the event of an attack.

• John Dulles

• Eisenhower's Secretary of State
  Believed only by going to the brink of war could you avoid war
  Brinkmanship

• "you have to take some chances for peace, just as you must take chances in war."

  • Nikita Khrushchev
    Emerged as new head of Soviet Union after Stalin's death Open to more peaceful relations with the West

  • CIA - Central Intelligence Agency

  • The first line of defense for the United States. They collect and analyze intelligence to further national security and preempt threats.

  • Soviet unrest

  • Poland

  • 1956: workers in Poland rioted against Soviet rule

  • Gained more control over government & new leaders stayed in Warsaw Pact, Soviet leaders backed off

  • Hungary

  • Hungarian students and workers demanded pro-Soviet Hungarian officials be replaced, Soviet troops withdrawn, noncommunist parties to be formed

  • Soviets executed many of the revolution's leaders, killed hundreds of others

  • The Suez Crisis
    The Suez Crisis was an event in the Middle East in 1956.

  • It began with Egypt taking control of the Suez Canal which was followed by a military attack from Israel, France, and Great Britain.

  • The Suez Canal is an important man-made waterway in Egypt. It connects the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea.

  • The Eisenhower Doctrine
    o the U.S. would use force to help any Middle Eastern nation threatened by communism

  • Sputnik

  • The Soviet Union launched the earth's first satellite

  • NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration

  • Agency to coordinate the space-related efforts of scientists and the military

  16.4

  • The Red Scare

  • Fear that Communists both inside & outside America were working to destroy the American way of life

  • Federal Employee Loyalty Program - 1947

  • Allowed the FBI to screen Federal Employees for signs of political disloyalty

  • 3000 people were dismissed or resigned

  • The Smith Act

  • Created to cripple the Communist Party in the United States
    Made it unlawful to teach or advocate for the violent overthrow of the US gov't

  • HUAC

  • House Un-American Activities Committee
    Committee in the House of Rep. developed to search for Communist activity in the US

  • Hollywood Ten

  • Hollywood actors said to be Communist Supporters

  • A group of left-wing writers, directors, producers who refused to answer questions, invoked the 5th Amendment

  • Movie executives who were suspected of Communist activity & were blacklisted

  • Alger Hiss
    US State Dept. official who was put on trial for being a Communist & providing the Soviet Union with information / Atomic Secrets

  • It was proven that Hiss gave Whittaker confidential government documents

  • Lied under Oath & was sent to jail

  • Whittaker Chambers
    Communist espionage agent as a young man
    Testified before HUAC about communist past & named Alger Hiss as one of his contacts in the government

  • Julius & Ethel Rosenberg
    1951 convicted of committing espionage / spying for the Soviet Union

  • Sentenced to death

  • Joseph McCarthy
    senator from Wisconsin

  Took advantage of the "Red Scare", Soviets having the nuclear bomb & the Fall of China

  • Played into people's fear & hysteria