Topic 3 - Infection & Response Question List
3.1 Communicable Diseases
3.1.1 Communicable (Infectious) Diseases
What are pathogens?
What can pathogens be? (4)
What can pathogens infect (2) and how can they be spread (3)?
__________ and _______ may reproduce rapidly inside the body.
How do bacteria cause disease?
How do viruses cause disease?
What is bacteria?
Bacteria multiply very quickly through dividing by a process called ________ _______.
What is a virus?
What is the difference between bacteria and viruses?
What are communicable diseases?
What are non-communicable diseases?
What is health?
What are the factors that can affect health? (3)
How are diseases spread by air?
How are diseases spread by direct contact?
How are diseases spread by water?
What are three ways to prevent the spread of disease?
What are five hygiene measures that can be used to reduce the spread of disease?
How does isolating infected individuals reduce the spread of disease?
How does destroying or controlling vectors prevent the spread of disease?
3.1.2 Viral Diseases
Measles
What is measles?
Is measles a viral infection or a bacterial infection?
How is the measles virus spread?
What can measles cause if complications arise? (3)
What are the symptoms of measles?
Is there any treatment for measles?
How do you prevent the spread of measles?
HIV/AIDS
What does HIV initially cause? â this is also a symptom of HIV.
What happens if HIV isnât successfully controlled with antiretroviral drugs?
What is late stage HIV infection called?
When does AIDS occur?
How can HIV be spread? (3)
Is HIV a viral infection or a bacterial infection?
What is the treatment for HIV?
How can you prevent the spread of HIV? (4)
What are factors that can affect the time between getting infected with HIV and developing AIDS? (3)
Why is untreated HIV usually fatal?
Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
What is tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)?
How can tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) be spread?
What are the symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)?
Why does a pattern of discolouration on the leaves of a plant affected by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) affect the plantâs growth?
Is there any treatment for tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)?
How can you prevent the spread of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)? (3)
3.1.3 Bacterial Diseases
Salmonella Food Poisoning
How is salmonella food poisoning spread? (3)
What are the symptoms of salmonella food poisoning? (4)
Why can salmonella food poisoning be fatal in young children and the elderly?
What is the treatment for salmonella food poisoning?
Is salmonella food poisoning a viral infection or bacterial infection?
How can you prevent the spread of salmonella food poisoning? (4)
Gonorrhoea
What is gonorrhoea?
Is gonorrhoea a viral infection or bacterial infection?
What is gonorrhoea caused by and how did it used to be treated?
Why can gonorrhoea no longer be treated with penicillin?
How is gonorrhoea spread?
What are the early symptoms of gonorrhoea? (2)
What are the late symptoms of gonorrhoea? (4)
What is the treatment for gonorrhoea?
How can you prevent the spread of gonorrhoea? (2)
3.1.4 Fungal Diseases
Rose Black Spot
What is rose black spot?
How does rose black spot affect the growth of plants?
How is rose black spot spread?
What are the main symptoms of rose black spot?
What is the treatment for rose black spot?
How can you prevent the spread of rose black spot?
3.1.5 Protist Diseases
Malaria
What are the pathogens that cause malaria called?
What is malaria?
Mosquitoes act as ________ for the malaria parasites.
What does the malarial protist life cycle include?
How is malaria spread?
What are the main symptoms of malaria?
What is the treatment for malaria?
How can you prevent the spread of malaria?
What are three ways of targeting the mosquito vector? â when reducing the spread of malaria.
3.1.6 Human Defence Systems
Non-Specific Defence Systems
What are the four non-specific defence systems of the human body against pathogens?
Skin Defences:
The skin covers the body and acts as a _______, preventing __________ and _________ reaching the tissues beneath.
What happens if your skin is damaged?
What does the skin produce to kill pathogens?
How does the hairs and mucus in the nose prevent pathogens from entering the body?
How does the trachea and bronchi prevent pathogens from entering the body?
What are cilia?
How does the stomach prevent pathogens from entering the body?
Immune System
If a pathogen enters the body the ________ _________ tries to destroy the pathogen.
How do white blood cells defend the body against pathogens? (3)
How does phagocytosis defend the body against pathogens?
How does antibody production defend the body against pathogens?
What are antibodies?
How does antitoxin production defend the body against pathogens?
3.1.7 Vaccination
What does vaccination involve?
What happens if the same pathogen re-enters the body after vaccination?
What are antigens?
Why doesnât vaccination work in plants?
What is herd immunity?
What are the advantages of vaccination? (2)
What are the disadvantages of vaccination? (2)
3.1.8 Antibiotics & Painkillers
What is the most common example of an antibiotic?
What is an antibiotic?
Why is it important that specific bacteria are treated by specific antibiotics?
Why canât antibiotics kill viral pathogens?
Why is it difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses?
What are painkillers?
Do painkillers kill pathogens?
What are antiseptics?
How do antibiotics work?
Antibiotic Resistance:
Strains of bacteria are ________ that are ___________ to antibiotics.
This means that antibiotics that used to kill a particular type of bacteria no longer have an _______, so they cannot _____ the disease.
Some types of bacteria are ________ to all known antibiotics.
3.1.9 Discovery & Development of Drugs
Discovery of Drugs
Where were drugs traditionally extracted from? (2)
What does the heart drug digitalis originate from?
What does the painkiller aspirin originate from?
Who discovered penicillin and where does it come from?
How are most new drugs made?
Development of Drugs
Why do new medical drugs need to be tested and trialled?
What factors are new drugs tested for? (3)
Developing Drugs â Step 1 â Discovery & Early Tests:
Researchers target a disease and make lots of possible new drugs.
These are tested in the laboratory for their ________ and _________.
They are tested on ______, _______, and _______.
What is preclinical testing?
Why are tissues and animals used in preclinical testing?
Clinical trials use _________ volunteers and _________.
What is phase 1 of clinical trials?
What is phase 2 of clinical trials?
What is phase 3 of clinical trials?
Developing Drugs â Step 4 â Doctorâs Surgery:
Once research results have been published, and the medicine passes all the legal tests, it is _________ for doctors to _________.
The drug is monitored to check its _______ as long as it is used by doctors, known as phase _ trials.
Why are double blind trials important?
Describe double blind trials.
The results of drug tests and trials, like all scientific research, are published in journals after they have been scrutinised in a process of ______ _______.
Why is peer review important when developing drugs?
3.2 Monoclonal Antibodies
3.2.1 Producing Monoclonal Antibodies
What are monoclonal antibodies produced from?
How are monoclonal antibodies able to target a specific chemical or specific cells in the body?
Fully explain the process of producing monoclonal antibodies.
Why are tumour cells used when making monoclonal antibodies?
3.2.2 Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies
What are four uses of monoclonal antibodies?
Explain how a pregnancy test works â in relation to monoclonal antibodies.
Explain how monoclonal antibodies can be used in laboratories to measure and monitor.
Explain how monoclonal antibodies can be used in research to find or identify certain molecules on a cell or tissue.
Explain how monoclonal antibodies could be used to treat cancer.
What are the advantages of using monoclonal antibodies? (3)
What are the disadvantages of using monoclonal antibodies? (3)
3.3 Plant Disease
3.3.1 Detection & Identification of Plant Diseases
What can plant diseases be detected by? (7)
In relation to plant diseases, what can identification be made by? (3)
What are three ways that aphids can weaken a plant?
How can aphids be destroyed? (2)
How do plants use nitrate ions?
What are signs that a plant has a nitrate ion deficiency?
How do plants use magnesium ions?
What are signs that a plant has a magnesium ion deficiency?
How can missing mineral ions be replaced in a plant?
3.3.2 Plant Defence Responses
What are the physical defence responses that plants use to resist invasion of microorganisms? (3)
How do cellulose cell walls help plants resist invasion of microorganisms?
How does the tough waxy cuticle on leaves help plants resist invasion of microorganisms?
How do layers of dead cells around stems (bark on trees) which fall off help plants resist invasion of microorganisms?
What are the chemical defence responses for plants? (2)
How do antibacterial chemicals protect plants from invading pathogens?
How do poisons protect plants?
What are the mechanical adaptations of plants that protect them? (3)
How do thorns and hairs protect plants?
How do leaves that droop or curl when touched protect plants?
How does mimicry protect plants?