Lesson 5.3-5.6 SG

Lesson 5.3-5.6 SG

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Lesson 5.3 - Jefferson Takes Office

Election of 1800 - Results & Precedent

Democratic Republicans WIN

President - Thomas Jefferson

Vice President - Aaron Burr

Tied 73 to 73

SO.. The House voted for President

Aaron Burr wanted to be President because he thought he had a chance

Hamilton influenced the House’s decision to elect Jefferson as President

Hamilton in a letter: “Burr is unknown, greedy & power hungry, and has no plans for the country”

AKA he supported Jefferson

Federalists LOSE

John Adams

Charles Pinckney

Lost because of Adams’ controversial actions as President

PRECEDENT = Peaceful transfer of power between political factions

“Jefferson is not as Republican as the Federalist feared.”

Jefferson let some Federalist contributions remain…

Bank of the US

Government paying off state debts

Allowed Federalists to keep their government jobs

Vowed to protect Federalists in his Inaugural Address

Believed everyone cared for the good of the country

Jefferson’s view of government different from prior administration(s)

MAIN GOALS

Reduce federal budget while keeping National debt low

Give states more rights

Become less dependent on other countries

Impact on size and scope of federal government

Federal government had a much smaller “footprint”

Economic philosophy

Laissez Faire

French term for “let do,” - people should do as they please

Argued in favor of a system of free markets

Trade occurs with as little government interference as possible

Adam Smith, “The Wealth of Nations”

Scottish economist & author of “The Wealth of Nations”

Argued in favor of a free market system - economy without government regulation

Believed Laissez Faire would benefit everyone equally

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

John Marshall’s decision

Commision - a duty or authority given to a person

Writ of mandamus - a court order compelling a government official to do their job

Marbury asked the Supreme Court to write one to force Madison to give him his judge commision

Original Jurisdiction - The power to hear a case first, not on appeal

Supreme court has original jurisdiction in specific types of cases

Marbury’s case did not permit this Supreme Court power to be used

Background Info

John Adams appointed William Marbury to the Supreme Court right before Jefferson took office

Marbury’s commission wasn't delivered before President Thomas Jefferson assumed office

Jefferson instructed his Secretary of State, James Madison, to withhold the commission

Marbury sued Madison to compel the delivery of the commission

Decision (Chief Justice - John Marshall)

Marbury is right, he should be a judge

BUT, the Supreme Court can’t help him - - the law he used to bring the case to the Supreme Court (Judiciary Act) was unconstitutional

Congress gave the Court more power than the Constitution allowed

First time the Supreme Court struck down a law as unconstitutional, leading to judicial review

Judicial Review

The Supreme Court has the FINAL SAY on the Constitution

Lesson 5.4 – A Changing Nation

Why was the Mississippi important to America?

New Orleans, which was connected to it, was the largest port in the South

Without New Orleans, western farmers would not be able to move their goods along the Mississippi River, a key method of transportation

Control of the Mississippi – Spain controlled the territory and the port of New Orleans, often threatening to close it for Americans

Pinckney Treaty

Signed by Thomas Pinckney, who was sent by Washington

Spain agreed to..

Let Americans ship their goods down the Mississippi

Let Americans store their goods in New Orleans

The United States Buys Louisiana –(circumstances, deal)

Circumstances

Jefferson was convinced that Napoleon was trying to build an empire in North America

Became more worried when Spain sold the LA territory to France

These plans were foiled when Haitians, led by Toussaint L’Ouverture, nearly forced the French out of Haiti in revolt

Won their independence soon after, France gave up their ambition for colonies in the Americas

Deal

Jefferson sent Robert Livingston and James Monroe to buy New Orleans and West Florida for up to $10 million

France was suddenly open to selling the entire LA territory to the US - - Why??

Napoleon gave up his American empire plans after losing Haiti

France needed money for European wars

French minister Talleyrand offered to sell all of Louisiana, not just New Orleans

Livingston and Monroe bought all of Louisiana for $15 million, even though they didn’t have the authority to do so

Covered 15 states:

Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, Wyoming, Nebraska, Iowa, South Dakota, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, New Mexico

How did Jefferson characterize the Louisiana Purchase to those who called him a “hypocrite”?

Many called Jefferson a hypocrite for stressing the importance of strictly following the Constitution and denying the federal government power

Jefferson argued…

“Constitution allows the President to make treaties, and buying the Louisiana territory is part of a treaty!”

Lewis and Clark

In 1803, Congress funded an expedition to explore new western lands

President Jefferson chose Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to lead the expedition

Traveled along the Missouri River from St. Louis

GOALS:

Map a route to the Pacific Ocean

Study geography and rivers

Build relationships with Native American nations

Spent the winter with the Mandans in Missouri (met Sacajawea here)

In spring, the expedition crossed the Rocky Mountains Continental Divide - a ridge separating rivers flowing east and west

Sacagawea

Shoshone woman staying with the Mandans

joined the expedition as a translator with her French Canadian husband and baby

Helped Lewis & Clark cross the Continental divide using her brother’s horses, which the Shoshone provided

York = A slave of Clark that came on the expedition

Was very helpful, and performed essential tasks throughout the journey

Wasn’t given any credit or reward for his travels

Remained enslaved to Clark, until he was later freed

End of the Expedition

The explorers reached the Pacific Ocean via the Columbia River and claimed the land for the US

Returned a year later with valuable info about geography, wildlife, and river systems

Zebulon Pike

Sent by Jefferson to explore the southwestern part of the Louisiana Purchase

He explored the upper Mississippi River, Arkansas River, and parts of Colorado and New Mexico

Was arrested in Spanish territory and taken to Mexico, then returned through Texas

The Spanish took his maps, but missed one hidden in his gun barrel

His reports expanded U.S. knowledge of the Southwest and helped lead to Louisiana’s statehood

Lesson 5.4 - Challenges to American Shipping

The U.S. as a global trader

America, especially New England, began to trade overseas with many nations

Began trading ice to India and Asia

They sailed up the Pacific coast and began trading so often with American Indians that they earned the nickname“Bostons”

Barbary Pirates

Barbary States - Countries along the coast of Northern Africa

Many pirates attacked American ships in this area

To protect American ships, the US paid a yearly tribute to rulers of Tripoli and other states like these

Tripoli

What started it?

Tripoli increased its demands for tribute

Jefferson refused to pay

Tripoli declared war on the US

SO..

Jefferson ordered the Navy to blockade the port of Tripoli

While this happened US ship Philadelphia ran aground and was captured by pirates

Stephen Decatur and his crew set the captured ship on fire

American marines captured the port of Derna

The Ruler of Tripoli signed a treaty promising not to interfere with American ships

France v. Britain (again!)

Another war started in between Britain and France

Was at first beneficial to the US since Britain and France couldn’t trade with each other

Americans traded with both sides gaining profit and building new ships

Neither Britain nor France wanted Americans trading with the enemy, and they ignored claims of neutrality

Neutrality violated

France

Napoleon seized American ships bound for England

Britain

Stopped Yankee traders on their way to France

British ships stopped American vessels and seized any of their sailors serving on American ships

Impressed (forced) many Americans into British naval service

One reason for the War of 1812

Jefferson’s economic weapon approach

Embargo Act (1807)

Total ban on trade - - WHY??

it would cut off all their supplies to both sides

Backfired – hurt Americans more than enemies because…

Exports dropped by over $80 million

Imports like sugar, tea, molasses were cut off

Cotton and tobacco piled up in the South

Smuggling increased in New England

Jefferson used navy and militia to enforce it, leading to skirmishes

Non-Intercourse Act (Limited Embargo) (1809)

Allowed trade with all nations EXCEPT Britain and France

Replaced the harsher Embargo Act

People turned to Federalists because they believed closer ties with Britain would be more beneficial

Lesson 5.5 - Continuing Conflicts with Native Americans

Treaty of Greenville

Signed after the Battle of Fallen Timber in Toledo - -

America V/S Native Americans (and Britain)

Washington sent Antony Wayne to resolve the conflict

Native Americans gave up land in the Ohio River Valley

Received 20,000 and the promise of more money if they kept the peace

Tecumseh’s Confederation

Tecumseh was born in Central Ohio

After fleeing his first battle, he vowed to never run again, seeking to prove his bravery

Believed land belongs to everyone and should not be divided or taken

His brother, known as The Prophet, was a spiritual leader

Founded Prophetstown (in present-day Illinois)

Prophetstown was named after his brother, showing their influence

Was greatly admired as a key figure in resisting American westward expansion

Battle of Tippecanoe

American troops defeated Native Americans in 1811, destroying Prophetstown

As a result of the loss of the battle, many Native Americans left the Confederation

The rest of the Confederation aligned with the British during the War of 1812 - - WHY???

Believed their old native lands would be restored if Britain won

William Henry Harrison

Led Americans in the Battle of Tippecanoe

After he defeated the Natives, the Prophet cursed him and Presidents

“Curse of the Prophet” - - If he became President, he would die in office

Every President elected in a year ending in 0 would die in office as a reminder of the suffering Native Americans

Broken by Ronald Reagan

Lesson 5.5 - The War of 1812

Push for War against Britain

Nationalism = Devotion to one’s country

War hawks were obsessed with this idea - - felt that America was being treated like a colony by Britain during the Barbary Wars

Wanted to go to war to defend American rights

War Hawk v. Dove

WarHawk - Someone who pushed for war against the British

Congress members are called Hawkish if they vote for bills favoring military spending & excessive use of the military

Reasons for the war:

British impressment of American sailors

America wanted to expand into the West and Canada

Many of these lands were filled with Native Americans that were armed and encouraged by the British to fight back

War in the West and South

War Hawks wanted to conquer Canada but attempts failed.

General William Hull moved American troops into Canada from Detroit

Canadians led by British General Isaac Brock

Had his soldiers in red coats so they looked like experienced British troops

Convinced Americans that a large number of Natives were fighting with Canadians

Hull retreated from Canada

He later captured York (Toronto)

Battle of Lake Erie

U.S. Navy, led by Oliver Hazard Perry, defeated the British fleet

"We have met the enemy and they are ours"

The victory gave the U.S. control of Lake Erie

Forced the British to retreat from Detroit, allowing U.S. forces to advance into Canada

War in the South

Andrew Jackson led American forces against the Creek Nation in Tennessee

Major U.S. victory at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend with the help of the Cherokee and Choctaw

Resulted in the Creeks surrendering millions of acres of land

Gave the U.S. more control in the Southeast frontier

Final Battles of the War

Britain could focus

Britain had defeated France in the Napoleonic Wars

Allowed them to focus fully on the war with America

Britain sent more troops and ships to North America

Washington, D.C.

The British set fire to it!! 🔥🔥

Act of revenge for the burning of York

The defense of Fort McHenry (Baltimore)

Fort McHenry guarded the Baltimore Harbor

Baltimore was a base of operations for many privateers

Privateer = private ships authorized by the government to attack or seize items from enemy ships

Fort McHenry was bombarded on September 13th, 1814 until dawn of September 14th

American forces held off the British

Britain failed and withdrew

Francis Scott Key - “The Star-Spangled Banner”

Lawyer on an American truce vessel

In the harbor to negotiate the release of a prisoner

The bombing began and he felt inspired by Patriotism and pride

Wrote a poem titled “Defense of Fort McHenry”

Later published as the “Star-Spangled Banner”

Was approved by Congress as the national anthem in 1931

Treaty of Ghent (December 24, 1814)

Signed in 1814 to end the War of 1812

Negotiated in Ghent, Belgium

Main Effects

No land changed hands; both sides returned to pre-war borders

Did not address issues like impressment or trade interference

Marked the end of fighting and a return to peace between the U.S. and Britain

The Battle of New Orleans (January 1815)

Fought in January 1815, after the Treaty of Ghent was signed

U.S. forces led by Andrew Jackson

Took Pensacola in Spanish territory to keep the British from using it

Americans allied with the Choctaw and some African American volunteers

Major U.S. victory against a much larger British force

Boosted American morale and made Jackson a national hero

How did the war mark the end of the Federalist Party?

Federalists grew very unpopular after Adams’ presidency

Never/rarely won presidential or congressional elections

Federalists opposed the war, calling it unnecessary and harmful to trade

Made them look unpatriotic as support grew

Core Federalist beliefs still lived on

Hartford Convention

Held in 1814 in Hartford, Connecticut

Organized by Federalists unhappy with the War of 1812

What Happened?

Delegates from New England states met to discuss the war’s impact on trade

Proposed Amendments to limit federal power and protect regional interests

Delegates hinted at leaving the union if the war continued

Effect?

The convention ended when news of the peace treaty arrived

Led to the decline of the Federalist Party

Earlier death of Hamilton

Federalists never recovered from his loss

Was a major contributor to the end of Federalists

Aaron Burr was cancelled after

Lesson 5.6 Monroe’s Presidency and Everyday Life

Election of 1816 – James Monroe (R) v. Rufus King (F)

James Monroe WINS!! 🏅

Last Revolutionary War officer to become President - - people admired his old-fashioned ways

Rufus King = very last Federalist to run…

The “Era of Good Feelings” (1816-1824)

Coined by a Boston newspaper during Monroe’s visit

Unity and patriotism prevailed as the country only had one party

Began and ended with Monroe’s presidency

Ended due to the Panic of 1819 (economic crash) & the rise of the Second Party System

Tariff of 1816

Response to Britain raising prices after putting American rivals out of business

High tariffs were placed on ALL European imports

Made American goods cheaper

North Benefited due to its manufacturing economy

South and West were hurt as goods became more expensive and trade with Britain declined

Increased sectionalism as regions grew more divided by economic interests

2nd National Bank

Charter for 1st National Bank ran out in 1811

US was struggling to fund the War of 1812

States were printing too much money & currency was unstable

A new bank aimed to regulate currency, handle tax money, and help issue federal loans

Sectional leaders and issues of the day:

Henry Clay – Westerner from Kentucky

Supported the War of 1812

Supported a COMPROMISE over slavery

“The American System” (textbook Lesson 6.4, page 371)

Proposed by Henry Clay to strengthen the U.S. economy

Three main goals:

Strong national bank – to provide cheap credit to farmers and merchants

Protective tariff – to protect American industries from foreign goods

Internal improvements – roads, canals, railroads to connect regions, especially West and East

The Second Bank and tariff were passed, but many saw internal improvements as unconstitutional

States took the lead on infrastructure

Calhoun – Southerner from South Carolina

Supported the War of 1812

Strong supporter of slavery

Webster – Northerner from New Hampshire

Against the War of 1812

Wanted slavery abolished, thought it was evil

II. Court decisions that expanded federal power

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) –

Maryland tried to tax the 2nd National Bank

James McCulloch, a bank employee, refused to pay

Supreme Court ruled that…

Congress had the power to create the National Bank (Necessary and Proper Clause)

States cannot tax federal institutions

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) -

Dispute over steamboat licenses on interstate waterways

Odgen’s NY license V/S Gibbons’ federal license

Supreme Court ruled that only the federal government can regulate interstate commerce

III. Foreign Affairs

Florida -

Americans wanted Florida, but it was a Spanish colony - - so WHY??

Creek and Seminole raids from Florida targeted Georgia settlements

Escaped slaves found refuge in Florida, protected by the Spanish and the Seminoles

US claimed parts of West Florida, thinking it was included in the Louisiana purchase

Andrew Jackson’s Response

Demanded Spain destroy the Negro Fort (1,000 Black Seminoles)

Spain refused, he invaded and destroyed the fort

Later invaded East Florida, capturing Spanish forts and executing British subjects

The Spanish could not afford a conflict with the U.S.

Adams-Onis Treaty (1821) -

Negotiated by John Quincy Adams and Luis de Onís

Spain gave Florida to the U.S. for $5 million

Ceded East Florida, gave up claims to West Florida

Border was set; land west of the Mississippi was Spanish territory

The Monroe Doctrine (1823) –

American Foreign policy

“Hey Europe, stay out of the Western Hemisphere!”

Didn’t want monarchies to re-colonize independent countries

The US would only will intervene in European affairs if it is affected

Independent countries will have their sovereignty protected by America