Geographical Location: Ancient civilization along the Nile Delta, known as "The Land of Pharaohs."
Building Technologies: Utilization of abundant local materials, primarily stone, with innovations in architectural design.
Egyptian Capitals: Lotus, papyrus, palm capitals.
Architectural Orders: Includes Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian systems from later influences.
Structural Features: Use of arches, vaults, and domes in later periods.
Soft Stones: Limestone, sandstone, and alabaster widely used.
Hard Stones: Granite, quartzite, basalt.
Other Materials: Mud bricks for pyramids, date palm for roofing, clay for construction.
Seasons: Flood season and ordinary/hot desert season impacted architecture. No water/sewage systems in structures.
Site Orientation: East and west orientation of tombs for rebirth and resurrection relating to sun worship.
Key Events: Step Pyramid of King Djoser marks major architectural milestone. The Great Pyramid of Giza is constructed.
Religious Context: Pharaohs as divine figures; worship centered on gods like Amun and Osiris.
Significant Developments: Unification by Mentuhotep II; construction of Karnak Temple and terraced temple-tombs.
Expansion and Prosperity: Egypt becomes a power with significant temple constructions, including those in Luxor and Karnak.
Three Major Traits: Monumentality, massiveness, simplicity defined Egyptian architecture.
Construction Techniques: Post-and-lintel systems without arches and vaults; axial planning in significant structures.
Mastabas: Flat-roofed tombs with chapels, orientation for spirits’ travel.
Pyramids: Stepped structures evolving from mastabas for royal burials, exemplifying vast engineering capabilities.
Rock-Hewn Tombs: Carved directly into rock faces, often intricately decorated.
Pyramids of Giza: Include the Great Pyramid of Khufu, reflecting advanced engineering.
Temples: Such as Temple of Hatshepsut and Amun at Karnak, showcasing monumental architecture and religious significance.