NUR 2063 Exam 1 and 2

Exam 1

• Adaptive Immune Responses: Also known as acquired or specific immunity, primarily involves lymphocytes.
• Aldosterone Secretion: Increased aldosterone secretion leads to sodium and water retention.
• Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity: Immunity transferred from parent to infant through antibodies.
• Type 1 Hypersensitivity Reactions: Mediated by mast cells.
• Metabolic Acidosis: Expected assessment finding is decreased pH below 7.35.
• Excessive Diarrhea: Leads to metabolic acidosis.
• Mild Sunburn: Best described as a superficial (first-degree) burn.
• Crohn's Disease: Characterized by sharply demarcated, granulomatous lesions known as cobblestone lesions, surrounded by normal-appearing mucosal tissue.
• Flu Shot Changes: Necessary because new strains of the virus are constantly appearing and evolving.
• Fluid Volume Excess: Indicated by shortness of breath, full bounding pulse, severe edema, and audible crackles in lower lung fields bilaterally.
• Acute Inflammation: Causes vasodilation and congestion in the capillary beds, leading to redness of the skin.
• Hypovolemic Shock: Tissue hypoxia increases the risk of poor wound healing postoperatively.

Exam 2

• Lactation: Milk is ejected from the breast ductal system in response to oxytocin.
• Anterior Pituitary Gland: Produces growth hormone (GH).
• Menopause: Results from cessation of ovarian function and decreased estrogen levels.
• Graves' Disease: Implicated by abnormal stimulation of the thyroid gland by TSH receptor antibodies.
• Testicular Cancer: First sign is often enlargement of the testicle.
• Dawn Phenomenon: Early morning elevation of fasting blood glucose levels.
• Type 1A Diabetes: Considered an autoimmune disorder requiring genetic predisposition, an environmental triggering event, and a T-lymphocyte-mediated hypersensitivity reaction against some beta cell antigen.
• Hypoglycemia: Presents with sudden onset, altered cerebral function, and headache.
• Paraplegia: Loss of motor function in the lumbar and sacral segments of the spinal cord, with ability to move arms (following injury like being thrown off a bull).
• Myocardial Tissue: Troponin is a highly specific serum biomarker.
• Septic Shock: Possible cause of a sudden high temperature of 104^{\circ}C in a patient treated with antibiotics, along with low blood pressure and hot, dry, flushed skin.
• Blood Pressure Regulation: The body adjusts cardiac output to compensate for changes in peripheral vascular resistance.
• Acceleration-Deceleration Injury: May lead to brain contusions and hematomas.
• Uncontrolled Seizures: Priority care includes monitoring respiratory status and oxygen saturation.
• Cerebellum Function: Coordinates smooth and accurate movements of the body; lies in the posterior fossa of the cranium, separated from the cerebral hemispheres by the tentorium cerebelli.
• Lung Cancer Symptoms: Earliest symptoms relate to chronic cough and shortness of breath.
• Stage 2 Systolic Hypertension: Confirmed by a systolic pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher.
• Cognitive Impairment: Manifests as difficulty remembering, concentrating, or making simple decisions.
• Pulmonary Function Test (Asthma): Evaluates forced expiratory volume in 1 second.
• Nosocomial Pneumonia: Pneumonia developed 3 days after admission to the hospital.
• Pulse Oximetry: Most appropriate noninvasive technique to assess oxygen status during sudden shortness of breath.
• Atelectasis Risk: Highest in postoperative clients, especially after a total knee replacement, receiving patient-controlled analgesia.
• Viral Influenza: Distinguished by abrupt-onset, profound malaise.
• Acute Bronchiolitis (Infant): Prioritized treatment is supplementary oxygen therapy.
• Acute Respiratory Failure: Results in hypoxemia and hypercapnia.
• Mucociliary Blanket: Removes foreign materials from conducting airways.
• Pulmonary Circulation: Deoxygenated blood is carried into the pulmonary system via the pulmonary artery.
• Pleural Effusion: Excess collection of fluid in the pleural cavity, indicated by diminished breath sounds and a "grating" sound during respirations.
• Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia: Pneumonia occurring 48 hours or more after admission to the hospital.
• Atelectasis Prevention (Post-Op): Deep breathing and coughing while in bed to help lungs expand.
• Dyspnea: A subjective sensation felt when experiencing difficulty breathing.
• Aspiration Pneumonia (GERD): Possible development of pneumonia due to aspiration in severe gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
• Bacterial Pneumonia (Smoking History): Smoking affects the pulmonary defense system by damaging or destroying cilia.
• Croup (1-Year-Old): Presents with inspiratory stridor and barking cough.
• Severe Asthma Attack: Characterized by prolonged bronchospasm, severe hypoxemia, use of accessory muscles, weak cough, audible wheezing, moist skin, and tachycardia.
• Emphysema Causes: Cigarette smoking is a primary cause, leading to lung damage.
• Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Anticipate treatment for a client exhibiting Kussmaul respirations and a pH of 7.1.
• Anaphylactic Shock: Characterized by a severe immunology-mediated reaction with histamine release.
• Anaphylactic Shock: Manifests with urticaria, wheezing, chest tightness, and difficulty breathing.
• Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Risk Factors: Most important factors are a history of cigarette smoking and elevated blood pressure.
• Chronic Stable Angina: Caused by fixed coronary obstruction, resulting in inadequate blood flow to meet myocardial demands.
• Endocarditis: Infection of the thin, three-layered membrane lining the heart and covering the valves, potentially occurring after dental procedures.
• Mitral Valve Regurgitation: Results in backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
• Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL): Main carrier of cholesterol.
• Orthostatic Hypotension Assessment: Needed for an 80-year-old client with a history of falls while ambulating.
• Long-Term Blood Pressure Regulation: Primarily exerted by the kidneys.
• Fatal Pulmonary Thromboembolism Origin: Most likely originates from deep vein thrombophlebitis of the leg.
• Elevated C-Reactive Protein (CRP): Indicates elevated serum markers for systemic inflammation, associated with vascular disease.
• Weight Reduction Benefits (BMI 41): A 10-lb (4.5kg) loss of weight can produce a decrease in blood pressure.
• Left-Sided Heart Failure: Increased cardiac workload can result in hypertrophy of myocardial cells.
• High Lipoprotein Level (LDL): Believed to play an active role in the pathogenesis of the atherosclerotic lesion.
• Sudden Substernal Pain (Angina): Radiates to the left arm, neck, and jaw; described as severe with a feeling of suffocation.