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Week 10 | Day 3 | PSYA02

Week 10 | Day 3 | PSYA02

*Continuing from last lecture

3. Behavioural Therapy

  • Behavioural and cognitive therapies are the most common type of psychotherapy in Canada (lots of research that it’s effective)
  • Behavioural/cognitive therapy relies on behaviourism

Behaviourism: study of observable, measurable variables

  • Focuses on changing behaviour (action) or cognition (thoughts) to combat mental illness.
  • Behavioural therapy mostly centres around conditioning

Operant Conditioning: rewards for positive behaviours; punishments for negative behaviour

  • One method is token economy (using an object to reinforce a good behaviour)

Classical Conditioning: neutral stimulus is associated with meaningful stimulus

  • One type is exposure therapy (harmless, repeated exposure to a “threatening” stimulus that causes a reduction in threat response because it’s a normal for them now)

4. Cognitive Therapy

  • Behaviour therapy → change actions
  • Cognitive therapy → change unhealthy thought patterns
  • Cognitive therapists focus on restructuring of irrational, negative thought process to rational, positive ones
    • A therapeutic approach that teachers clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that lead to negative emotions
      • Eg. “I will never be able to make friends”
        • What friends have you have in the past? When/where?
      • Eg. “I will never be able to succeed in school”
        • What successes have you had in the past? Where? When?

Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy

  • Most common psychological treatment for depression and anxiety
  • CBT is considered:
    • Problem-focused (short term, action-oriented)
      • Eg. let’s target the feeling that you’re bad at school
    • Action-oriented
    • Transparent (unlike psychanalysis)

ABC Model:

  • A: Activating event
    • Actual event
    • Client’s immediate interpretation of event
      • Eg. failing an exam
  • B: Beliefs
    • Evaluations
    • Rational
    • Irrational
      • Eg. believing that you have to be successful in everything
  • C: Consequences
    • Emotions
    • Behaviours
    • Other thoughts
      • Eg. felt ashamed, embarrassed, and wanted to drop out of uni

— New lecture —

Biological Treatment

  • Consists of:
    • Medications (anto-psychotic, anti-anxiety, herbal/natural products)
    • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
    • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
    • Psychosurgery (destruction/repair of specific brain areas)

Anti-Psychotic Medication

  • Originally an accident
  • Chlorpromazine was developed in Frace as an allergy medication
    • Made patients sleepy & blocked dopamine receptors
    • Resulted in euphoric calm patients instead of agitated patients but had significant side effects
    • Introduction of these anti-psychotic medications changed the way that schizophrenia is treated

Anti-Anxiety Medication

  • Benzodiazepines is an anti-anxiety medication
    • Facilitate GABA neurotransmitter activity → inhibit anxiety
    • Drawbacks are: drug tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, drowsiness, poor coordination

Anti-Depressant Medication

  • Also originally an accident
  • Monoamine oxidase inhibitors used to treat tuberculosis in 1950s also elevated patients’ mood
    • Prevented breakdown of serotonin and dopamine
    • Had intolerable side effects

Week 10 | Day 3 | PSYA02

Week 10 | Day 3 | PSYA02

*Continuing from last lecture

3. Behavioural Therapy

  • Behavioural and cognitive therapies are the most common type of psychotherapy in Canada (lots of research that it’s effective)
  • Behavioural/cognitive therapy relies on behaviourism

Behaviourism: study of observable, measurable variables

  • Focuses on changing behaviour (action) or cognition (thoughts) to combat mental illness.
  • Behavioural therapy mostly centres around conditioning

Operant Conditioning: rewards for positive behaviours; punishments for negative behaviour

  • One method is token economy (using an object to reinforce a good behaviour)

Classical Conditioning: neutral stimulus is associated with meaningful stimulus

  • One type is exposure therapy (harmless, repeated exposure to a “threatening” stimulus that causes a reduction in threat response because it’s a normal for them now)

4. Cognitive Therapy

  • Behaviour therapy → change actions
  • Cognitive therapy → change unhealthy thought patterns
  • Cognitive therapists focus on restructuring of irrational, negative thought process to rational, positive ones
    • A therapeutic approach that teachers clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that lead to negative emotions
      • Eg. “I will never be able to make friends”
        • What friends have you have in the past? When/where?
      • Eg. “I will never be able to succeed in school”
        • What successes have you had in the past? Where? When?

Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy

  • Most common psychological treatment for depression and anxiety
  • CBT is considered:
    • Problem-focused (short term, action-oriented)
      • Eg. let’s target the feeling that you’re bad at school
    • Action-oriented
    • Transparent (unlike psychanalysis)

ABC Model:

  • A: Activating event
    • Actual event
    • Client’s immediate interpretation of event
      • Eg. failing an exam
  • B: Beliefs
    • Evaluations
    • Rational
    • Irrational
      • Eg. believing that you have to be successful in everything
  • C: Consequences
    • Emotions
    • Behaviours
    • Other thoughts
      • Eg. felt ashamed, embarrassed, and wanted to drop out of uni

— New lecture —

Biological Treatment

  • Consists of:
    • Medications (anto-psychotic, anti-anxiety, herbal/natural products)
    • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
    • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
    • Psychosurgery (destruction/repair of specific brain areas)

Anti-Psychotic Medication

  • Originally an accident
  • Chlorpromazine was developed in Frace as an allergy medication
    • Made patients sleepy & blocked dopamine receptors
    • Resulted in euphoric calm patients instead of agitated patients but had significant side effects
    • Introduction of these anti-psychotic medications changed the way that schizophrenia is treated

Anti-Anxiety Medication

  • Benzodiazepines is an anti-anxiety medication
    • Facilitate GABA neurotransmitter activity → inhibit anxiety
    • Drawbacks are: drug tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, drowsiness, poor coordination

Anti-Depressant Medication

  • Also originally an accident
  • Monoamine oxidase inhibitors used to treat tuberculosis in 1950s also elevated patients’ mood
    • Prevented breakdown of serotonin and dopamine
    • Had intolerable side effects
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