Chapter 4: Human Development

2 Marks Questions

1. Development: Progressive, orderly changes from conception throughout life influenced by biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional processes.

2. Genotype vs. Phenotype: Genotype-genetic material; Phenotype-observable traits (physical and psychological).

3. Animism: Attributing life-like qualities to inanimate objects due to egocentrism.

4. Centration: Focusing on one feature while ignoring others (common in preoperational stage).

5. Adolescence: Begins with puberty, marked by rapid biological and psychological changes.

6. Developmental Tasks: Specific skills learned at particular stages (e.g., menarche, crawling).

3 Marks Questions

1. Factors Affecting Prenatal Development: Maternal age, nutrition, emotional state, diseases (rubella, HIV), teratogens (drugs, alcohol, radiation).

2. Principles of Early Development:

   • Cephalocaudal: Development from head to tail.

   • Proximodistal: Development from center to extremities.

   1. Physical Development in Adolescence: Puberty brings growth spurts and development of primary/secondary sexual characteristics.

   2. Adolescent Egocentrism (Elkind):

   • Imaginary Audience: Belief others are constantly observing them.

   • Personal Fable: Sense of uniqueness, believing no one understands their experiences.

   4 Marks Questions

   1. Bronfenbrenner's Contextual View: Development influenced by multiple systems: microsystem (family, school), mesosystem (connections), exosystem (external events), macrosystem (culture), chronosystem (life events).

   2. Ecological Model (Indian Context): Upper layer-home, school, peers; surrounding layer-geography, caste, class.

   3. Harlow's Attachment Study: Baby monkeys preferred cloth mothers for comfort over wire mothers, showing contact-comfort is crucial for attachment.

   4. Erikson's Theory (Trust vs. Mistrust): Trust forms with responsive parenting;

   5. insensitive care leads to mistrust.

   6 Marks Questions

   1. Life-Span Perspective: Development is lifelong, multidirectional, plastic, and influenced by historical conditions and multiple disciplines.