Ch. 11 Vocab

Alliance System: comprised of formal agreements between countries to support one another in th event of conflict; examples include: Triple Entente (France, Russia, U.K.; Triple Alliance (Germany, A-H, Italy); ultimately contributed to the outbreak of WWI

Total war: War that requires each country involved to mobilize its entire population in the effort to defeat the enemy. (p. 625)

War Socialism: German policies through which the German state assumed further control over the economy and continued a long-term strengthening of state power across much of Europe

Propaganda Campaigns: sought to arouse citizens by depicting a cruel and inhuman enemy who killed innocent children and violated women

Flappers: young middle-class women who began to flout convention by appearing at nightclubs, smoking, dancing, drinking hard liquor, cutting their hair short, wearing revealing clothing, and generally expressing a more open sexuality

Fascism: Political ideology that considered the conflict of nations to be the driving force of history; marked by intense nationalism and an appeal to post–World War I discontent. Fascists praised violence against enemies as a renewing force in society, celebrated action rather than reflection, and placed their faith in a charismatic leader. Fascists also bitterly condemned individualism, liberalism, feminism, parliamentary democracy, and communism. (p. 634)

Communism: a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs

Socialism: a political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole

Capitalism: an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit

Democracy: political system in which the power is vested in the people, who rule either directly or through freely elected representatives

Red Army: military force of the Soviet Union formed after the Bolshevik Revolution; crucial role in Russian Civil War and later WWII

White Army: coalition of anti-Bolshevik forces during Russian Civil War, opposed Red Army and aimed to overturn Bolshevik regime to restore the pre-revolutionary Russian government

League of Nations: international organization established after WWI, aimed at promoting peace and cooperation; sought to resolve disputes diplomatically; struggled to maintain peace due to absence key powers (ex. U.S.) and the agressive rise of nationalism

Reparations: compensation demanded from a defeated nation for war damage; ex. after WWI, the treaty of Versailles imposed heavy reparations on Germany, causing economic hardship and political instability

“Self-Determination”: nations have the right to freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social, and cultural developement; emerged as a significant idea after WWI, influencing creatin of new states especially in Eastern Europe and the Middle East

“Mandates” → after WWI - New Arab States: special type of territory during the interwar years between the 1st & 2nd World Wars; countries included Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and others

Kulaks: the richer peasants Stalin singled out, some killed and some deported to remote areas of the country

Trench Warfare: type of land warfare where opposing armies fight from the trenches dug into the ground; defensive tactic used when one side has a superior firepower

Tsar Nicholas II: Russian emperor who by early 1917 had lost almost all support and was forced to abdicate the throne, thus ending the Romanov dynasty, which had ruled Russia for more than three centuries

Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov): Born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, leader of the Russian Bolshevik (later Communist) Party in 1917, when it seized power. (p. 629)

Joseph Stalin: Leader of the Soviet Union from the late 1920s until his death. (p. 630) 

Benito Mussolini: Charismatic leader of the Italian Fascist Party who came to power in 1922 and ruled until his death. (p. 635)

Adolf Hitler: Leader of the German Nazi Party and Germany’s head of state from 1933 until his death. (p. 636) 

Herbert Hoover: the 31st President of the United States, serving from 1929 to 1933, during the onset of the Great Depression. His presidency is often characterized by his belief in limited government intervention in the economy and voluntary cooperation among businesses and citizens to solve economic problems. However, Hoover's inability to effectively address the severe economic crisis led to widespread criticism and a significant decline in his popularity.

Woodrow Wilson: an American president who encouraged national self-determination and made Fourteen Points for a international life based on moral principles rather than secret deals and imperialist machinations (p 628-629)

Francis Joseph: the Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary from 1848 until his death in 1916. His reign was marked by significant political and social changes within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, particularly in relation to the rise of nationalism and ethnic tensions among its diverse populations.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand: heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne who was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist, breaking out World War I 

Franklin Delano Roosevelt: U.S. president who established the New Deal (1933-1942) which involved immediate programs of public spending (for dams, highways, bridges, and parks); longer-term reforms, such as the Social Security system, the minimum wage, and various relief and welfare programs; support for labor unions; and subsidies for farmers; he’s on the dime, disabled man, 3 terms

Neville Chamberlain - British man, sent them to war

Harry Truman: the 33rd President of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953. He played a pivotal role in shaping U.S. foreign policy during the early years of the Cold War, particularly through the implementation of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan, which aimed to contain communism and rebuild war-torn Europe.

Ho Chi Minh - (1890-1969) leader of the Vietnamese communist movement that established control first in the north and then the whole of Vietnam after 1975 and battles Japan, France, and later American invaders (p 652)

Mao Zedong - (1893-1976) chairman of China’s Communist Party and de facto ruler of China from 1949 until his death, rose in the Long March of 1934-1935

• Chinese Revolution (1911-1912): The collapse of China’s imperial order, officially at the hands of organized revolutionaries but for the most part under the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the imperial government for the previous century. (p. 508)

• Unification of Germany and Italy: driven by powerful nationalist sentiments, underwent unification processes, resulting in powerful new nation-states that reshaped European power dynamics.

• World War I

  • Zimmerman Telegram: a secret message intercepted by Britain from Germany to Mexico in 1917, proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico if the US entered World War I on the Allied side, promising Mexico the return of lost territory; it significantly fueled public opinion in the US towards war and contributed to their eventual entry into the conflict.

  • Causes: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism, which were all long-term factors, but the immediate spark was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in June 1914.

  • outcomes/effects: devastating human costs, including millions of deaths and injuries, economic turmoil, political instability, and the rise of new ideologies, ultimately reshaping the world map and paving the way for future conflicts.

  • Nicknames: most commonly referred to as "The Great War" which is considered its primary nickname; other names include "The War to End All Wars" as people at the time believed it would be the last major conflict of its kind.

  • Recent war technology: submarine (u-boat), naval battle ships (destroyers, etc.), sonar, machine gun, tanks, poison (mustard) gas

• 1905 Revolution (Russia): Spontaneous rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country’s defeat at the hands of Japan in 1905; the revolution was suppressed, but it forced the government to make substantial reforms. (p. 465)

• Russian Revolution (1917): Massive revolutionary upheaval in 1917 that overthrew the Romanov dynasty in Russia and ended with the seizure of power by communists under the leadership of Lenin. (p. 629)

  • significance: pivotal event that led to the end of the Tsarist dynasty, the rise of communism in Russia, and the formation of the Soviet Union, significantly reshaping global politics and inspiring communist movements worldwide.

• Great Depression: Worldwide economic contraction that began in 1929 with a stock market crash in the United States and continued in many areas until the outbreak of World War II. (p. 632)

  • Stock Market Collapse: a sudden and dramatic decline in the value of stocks across a major section of the stock market, often caused by panic selling and underlying economic issues, leading to significant losses in paper wealth for investors; it is typically characterized by a rapid drop in prices after a period of speculation or economic bubble, like the infamous 1929 Wall Street Crash which contributed to the Great Depression

  • Effects: mass unemployment, plummeting industrial output, widespread bank failures, decreased international trade, social unrest, and the rise of extremist political ideologies, significantly impacting the political landscape and leading to the emergence of authoritarian regimes in some countries like Nazi Germany

  • Democratic Socialism: a political and economic system where the means of production are socially owned or controlled by the people, while simultaneously maintaining a democratic political system, meaning that the population has a say in how the economy is run through democratic processes; essentially, it aims to achieve socialist goals like economic equality through democratic mean

  • New Deal: involved immediate programs of public spending (for dams, highways, bridges, and parks); longer-term reforms, such as the Social Security system, the minimum wage, and various relief and welfare programs; support for labor unions; and subsidies for farmers.

• Collectivization of Agriculture: Communist policies that ended private ownership of land by incorporating peasants from small family farms into large-scale collective farms. Implemented forcibly in the Soviet Union (1928–1933), it led to a terrible famine and 5 million deaths; a similar process occurred much more peacefully in China during the 1950s. (p. 630)

• Interwar Years: the period of time between the end of World War I (1918) and the beginning of World War II (1939), marked by significant political, social, and economic upheaval across the globe as nations dealt with the consequences of the Great War and prepared for the next conflict; essentially, the time "between the wars.“

• Armenian Genocide: The massacre/deportation of an estimated 1 million Armenians due to Ottoman authorities suspecting that some of their Armenian subjects were collaborating with the Russian enemy

• World War II in Asia: A struggle to halt Japanese imperial expansion in Asia, fought by primarily Chinese and American forces. (p. 644)

• World War II in Europe: A struggle to halt German imperial expansion in Europe, fought by a coalition of allies that included Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States. (p. 646)

  • “appeasement”: the reluctant blessing of Hitler’s actions by the British and the French at a famous conference in Munich in 1938, hoping it could satisfy his demands and avoid all-out war

  • Causes: the harsh Treaty of Versailles after WWI, which blamed Germany entirely for the war and imposed heavy reparations, the rise of fascist ideologies like Nazism in Germany, the Great Depression leading to economic instability, the policy of appeasement by Western powers towards Germany, and the aggressive expansionist ambitions of Germany under Adolf Hitler, ultimately culminating in the invasion of Poland which triggered the war.

  • Outcomes: the emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers, the establishment of the United Nations, the division of Germany into East and West, widespread devastation across Europe, the start of the Cold War, significant population displacement, and the acceleration of decolonization movements across the globe

• New War Technologies: (Heavy bombers, jet fighters, missiles, atomic weapons)

• Pearl Harbor - Japanese bombed the US port initiating US involvement in ww2

• Holocaust: Name commonly used for the Nazi genocide of Jews and other “undesirables” in German society. (p. 649)

  • “Final solution”: triggered among Hitler’s enthusiastic subordinates various schemes for a “final solution” to the Jewish question.

  • genocide: the attempted elimination of entire peoples

• Chinese Revolution of 1949:An event that marks the coming to power of the Chinese Communist Party under the leadership of Mao Zedong, following a decades-long struggle against both domestic opponents and Japanese imperialism 

  • → Taiwan: In 1949, four years after the war’s end, the Chinese communists swept to victory over the Guomindang, many of whose followers fled to Taiwan

• Arab-Israeli Conflict: a long-standing political and territorial dispute between the state of Israel and its Arab neighbors, primarily Palestinians, stemming from competing claims to the land of Palestine, leading to multiple wars and ongoing tensions over borders, Jerusalem's status, and Palestinian refugee rights, with roots in the rise of Zionism and Arab nationalism during the late 19th century

• Collapse of Empires

  • Ottoman Empire: collapsed primarily due to its defeat in World War I, which led to the partitioning of its territories by Allied powers, combined with internal nationalist movements across its diverse ethnic populations, ultimately causing the empire to disintegrate and be officially dissolved in 1922 when the last Ottoman Sultan abdicated, paving the way for the modern Republic of Turkey to emerge from its remains

  • Austria-Hungary: the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a major European power, primarily due to the immense pressures of World War I, which exacerbated existing internal tensions like rising nationalism among its diverse ethnic groups, ultimately leading to the formation of several new nation-states after the war and significantly redrawing the map of Central Europe

• Atomic Bomb Development

  • Manhattan Project: a top-secret, US-led research and development project during World War II, aimed at developing the first atomic bomb, driven by the fear that Germany was also working on nuclear weapons

  • Usage → Hiroshima, Nagasaki: Allied firebombing of Japanese and German cities likewise reflected the new morality of total war, as did the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which in a single instant vaporized tens of thousands of people

• Triple Entente 

• included Russia, France and Britain

• Triple Alliance

• included Germany, Italy and the Austria-Hungarian Empire

• Central Powers (WWI)

• Allied Powers (WWI)

• Wilson’s 14 Point Plan

• Treaty of Versailles

  • Conditions

  • Significance 

• Bolsheviks

• Soviets

• Provisional Government (Russia)

• Duma

• Revolutionary Right (Japan)

• Communist Chinese Party (CCP)

• communism in Eastern Europe

• Communism in Eastern Europe

• Guomindang

• Axis Powers (WWII)

• Allied Powers (WWII)

• Nazi Party - evil evil evil party

• Third Reich

• United Nations

• World Bank

• International Monetary Fund