Chapter's 8 & 9

Chapter 8: Skeletal System

Overview

• Importance of bones in the skeletal system

• Guided Notes for further study

Page 1: Introduction to Skeletal System

• Focus on the bones and their locations

Bones of the Adult Skeletal System

Axial Skeleton

• Skull (22 bones)

  • Cranial Bones (8 total)

    • Frontal bone (1)

    • Parietal bones (2)

    • Occipital bone (1)

    • Temporal bones (2)

    • Sphenoid bone (1)

    • Ethmoid bone (2)

  • Facial Bones (14 total)

    • Maxillae (2)

    • Palatine bones (2)

    • Zygomatic bones (2)

    • Lacrimal bones (2)

    • Nasal bones (2)

    • Vomer (1)

    • Inferior nasal conchae (2)

    • Mandible (1)

  • Auditory Ossicles (6 bones: malleus (2), incus (2), stapes (2))

  • Hyoid Bone (1)

• Vertebral Column (26 bones)

  • Cervical vertebrae (7)

  • Thoracic vertebrae (12)

  • Lumbar vertebrae (5)

  • Sacrum (1)

  • Coccyx (1)

• Thoracic Cage (25 bones plus thoracic vertebrae)

  • Ribs (24)

  • Sternum (1)

Appendicular Skeleton

• Pectoral Girdle (4 bones)

  • Scapulae (2)

• Upper Limbs (60 bones)

  • Humerus (2)

  • Radius (2)

  • Ulna (2)

  • Carpals (16)

  • Metacarpals (10)

  • Phalanges (28)

• Pelvic Girdle (2 bones)

  • Hip bones (2)

• Lower Limbs (60 bones)

  • Femurs (2)

  • Patellae (2)

  • Tibiae (2)

  • Fibulae (2)

  • Tarsal bones (14)

  • Metatarsal bones (10)

  • Phalanges (28)

• Total Bones: 206

Human Skeleton Overview

Major Regions

• Skull

• Thoracic Cage

• Facial Bones

• Divisions:

  • Cranial

  • Facial

• Vertebral Column

• Upper and Lower Limbs

Skeletal Views

Anterior and Posterior Views

• Scapula, Tarsus, Patella details

• Major bones including skull, vertebral column, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle identified

Bone Markings - Anatomical Features

Articulations

• Condyle: Rounded knob (e.g. occipital condyles)

• Facet: Flat articular surface

• Head: Expanded end of a bone

Extensions & Projections

• Crest: Narrow ridge

• Epicondyle: Expanded region superior to a condyle

• Process: Bony prominence

Depressions

• Alveolus: Pit or socket

• Fossa: Shallow basin

• Sulcus: Groove for tendon, nerve, or blood vessel

Passages & Cavities

• Canal: Passage in bone

• Fissure: Slit through a bone

• Foramen: A hole in a bone

More on Bone Markings

Features Seen in Various Views

• Various anatomical features explored further in anatomical drawings

Skull Features

Cranial and Facial Divisions

• Description of bones in the cranium and facial skeletons

• Cranial fossae: Anterior, Middle, Posterior

Major Cavities of the Skull

Sections of the Skull

• Frontal sinus, ethmoid sinuses, orbit, and oral cavity details are analyzedOverview of Skull Anatomy

Important Features Identified

• Various anatomical landmarks and their significance

Lateral Skull Features

Features on the Lateral Aspect of the Skull

• Anatomical details showcasing the lateral view of the skull

Vertebral Column and Pelvis

Vertebrae Characteristics

• Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae identified with specific features

• Comparison of male and female pelvis

Foot Anatomy

• Detailed structure of the bones in the foot, including arches

Growth and Development

Developmental Changes in Skeletal Structure

• Cleft palate and other congenital disorders discussed

Joint Disorders and Functions

Overview of Joints

• Types of joints including fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

• Common joint disorders: arthritis, bursitis, dislocations, and more

Joint Anatomy and Function

• Synovial anatomy details, various types of synovial joints, and their functions.

Importance of Joints in Movement

• Analysis of movement types including flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and special movements

Major Joint Disorders

• Comprehensive overview of arthritis and other conditions affecting joints

Conclusion

• Recap of key concepts related to the skeletal system and important distinguishing features of bones and joints.

• Understanding the differences in skeletal anatomy in relation to gender and function.