Chapter's 8 & 9

Chapter 8: Skeletal System

Overview

  • Importance of bones in the skeletal system

  • Guided Notes for further study

Page 1: Introduction to Skeletal System

  • Focus on the bones and their locations

Bones of the Adult Skeletal System

Axial Skeleton

  • Skull (22 bones)

    • Cranial Bones (8 total)

      • Frontal bone (1)

      • Parietal bones (2)

      • Occipital bone (1)

      • Temporal bones (2)

      • Sphenoid bone (1)

      • Ethmoid bone (2)

    • Facial Bones (14 total)

      • Maxillae (2)

      • Palatine bones (2)

      • Zygomatic bones (2)

      • Lacrimal bones (2)

      • Nasal bones (2)

      • Vomer (1)

      • Inferior nasal conchae (2)

      • Mandible (1)

    • Auditory Ossicles (6 bones: malleus (2), incus (2), stapes (2))

    • Hyoid Bone (1)

  • Vertebral Column (26 bones)

    • Cervical vertebrae (7)

    • Thoracic vertebrae (12)

    • Lumbar vertebrae (5)

    • Sacrum (1)

    • Coccyx (1)

  • Thoracic Cage (25 bones plus thoracic vertebrae)

    • Ribs (24)

    • Sternum (1)

Appendicular Skeleton

  • Pectoral Girdle (4 bones)

    • Scapulae (2)

  • Upper Limbs (60 bones)

    • Humerus (2)

    • Radius (2)

    • Ulna (2)

    • Carpals (16)

    • Metacarpals (10)

    • Phalanges (28)

  • Pelvic Girdle (2 bones)

    • Hip bones (2)

  • Lower Limbs (60 bones)

    • Femurs (2)

    • Patellae (2)

    • Tibiae (2)

    • Fibulae (2)

    • Tarsal bones (14)

    • Metatarsal bones (10)

    • Phalanges (28)

  • Total Bones: 206

Human Skeleton Overview

Major Regions

  • Skull

  • Thoracic Cage

  • Facial Bones

  • Divisions:

    • Cranial

    • Facial

  • Vertebral Column

  • Upper and Lower Limbs

Skeletal Views

Anterior and Posterior Views

  • Scapula, Tarsus, Patella details

  • Major bones including skull, vertebral column, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle identified

Bone Markings - Anatomical Features

Articulations

  • Condyle: Rounded knob (e.g. occipital condyles)

  • Facet: Flat articular surface

  • Head: Expanded end of a bone

Extensions & Projections

  • Crest: Narrow ridge

  • Epicondyle: Expanded region superior to a condyle

  • Process: Bony prominence

Depressions

  • Alveolus: Pit or socket

  • Fossa: Shallow basin

  • Sulcus: Groove for tendon, nerve, or blood vessel

Passages & Cavities

  • Canal: Passage in bone

  • Fissure: Slit through a bone

  • Foramen: A hole in a bone

More on Bone Markings

Features Seen in Various Views

  • Various anatomical features explored further in anatomical drawings

Skull Features

Cranial and Facial Divisions

  • Description of bones in the cranium and facial skeletons

  • Cranial fossae: Anterior, Middle, Posterior

Major Cavities of the Skull

Sections of the Skull

  • Frontal sinus, ethmoid sinuses, orbit, and oral cavity details are analyzedOverview of Skull Anatomy

Important Features Identified

  • Various anatomical landmarks and their significance

Lateral Skull Features

Features on the Lateral Aspect of the Skull

  • Anatomical details showcasing the lateral view of the skull

Vertebral Column and Pelvis

Vertebrae Characteristics

  • Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae identified with specific features

  • Comparison of male and female pelvis

Foot Anatomy

  • Detailed structure of the bones in the foot, including arches

Growth and Development

Developmental Changes in Skeletal Structure

  • Cleft palate and other congenital disorders discussed

Joint Disorders and Functions

Overview of Joints

  • Types of joints including fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

  • Common joint disorders: arthritis, bursitis, dislocations, and more

Joint Anatomy and Function

  • Synovial anatomy details, various types of synovial joints, and their functions.

Importance of Joints in Movement

  • Analysis of movement types including flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and special movements

Major Joint Disorders

  • Comprehensive overview of arthritis and other conditions affecting joints

Conclusion

  • Recap of key concepts related to the skeletal system and important distinguishing features of bones and joints.

  • Understanding the differences in skeletal anatomy in relation to gender and function.