Location: Situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
Significance: Known as the "cradle of civilization" due to:
Early development of urban societies.
Development of writing systems.
Creation of legal codes.
Cultures Involved: Key cultures include the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians.
Time Frame: Thrived along the Nile River from around 3100 BCE to 30 BCE.
Achievements:
Monumental architecture (e.g., Pyramids)
Complex religious beliefs
Advancements in writing, medicine, and governance.
Time Frame: Flourished from around 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE in present-day Pakistan and northwest India.
Notable Features:
Advanced urban planning
Sophisticated drainage systems
Early examples of writing and trade.
Historical Roots: Traces back to around 2100 BCE.
Contributions:
Long-lasting dynastic rule
Significant advancements in philosophy, technology, and culture
Inventions include paper, gunpowder, and the compass.
Construction of the Great Wall.
A civilization is defined by:
Cities
A Form of Government
Specialized Workers
A System of Writing
Improved Technology
Cities: Cultural centers of society.
Complex Institutions: Includes government and religion.
Specialized Workers: Different jobs and social classes.
Writing: Essential for record keeping and communication.
Improved Technology: Introduction of new tools and public works.