APUSH symmmy UNIT VII

1. Allied Powers: The coalition of nations that opposed the Central Powers in World War I, primarily composed of France, Britain, Russia, Italy, and later, the United States.
   
   

2. Anti-Imperialist League: An organization founded in 1898 to oppose the expansion of the U.S. empire and the annexation of territories like the Philippines after the Spanish-American War.
   
   

3. Anti-Saloon League: A group formed in the late 19th century advocating for the prohibition of alcohol, eventually leading to the 18th Amendment (Prohibition).
   
   

4. “Banana Republic”: A term for politically unstable countries in Latin America and the Caribbean that rely heavily on a single agricultural export, often controlled by foreign corporations.
   
   

5. Big Stick Diplomacy: President Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy approach, emphasizing military strength ("speak softly and carry a big stick") to assert U.S. dominance in Latin America.
   
   

6. Birth of a Nation: A controversial 1915 film directed by D.W. Griffith, known for its racist portrayal of African Americans and its glorification of the Ku Klux Klan.
   
   

7. Bootlegging: The illegal production, distribution, and sale of alcohol during Prohibition (1920-1933).
   
   

8. Business Cycle: The natural fluctuation of economic activity over time, characterized by periods of expansion, peak, recession, and recovery.
   
   

9. Central Powers: The alliance during World War I, consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.
   
   

10. Chicago Riot of 1919: A race riot in Chicago sparked by racial tensions and violence, part of the broader "Red Summer" of 1919.
    
    

11. Comm. on Public Information (CPI): A U.S. government agency created during World War I to influence public opinion and promote support for the war through propaganda.
    
    

12. De Lome Letter: A 1898 letter written by the Spanish Ambassador to the U.S., calling President McKinley weak, which fueled anti-Spanish sentiment and contributed to the Spanish-American War.
    
    

13. Dollar Diplomacy: A policy under President William Howard Taft, aimed at expanding American economic influence in Latin America and East Asia through loans and investments.
    
    

14. Espionage Act (1917): A law passed during World War I that made it a crime to interfere with military operations or support enemies of the U.S.
    
    

15. Foraker Act (1900): Legislation that established a civilian government in Puerto Rico following the Spanish-American War.
    
    

16. Fourteen Points: A proposal by President Woodrow Wilson in 1918 outlining principles for peace and the establishment of a League of Nations after World War I.
    
    

17. Graduated Income Tax: A system of taxation where the rate of tax increases as the income of the individual or corporation rises.
    
    

18. Great Migration: The movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban areas in the North between 1916 and 1970, seeking better economic opportunities and escape from racial discrimination.
    
    

19. Isolationism: A foreign policy stance where a country avoids entangling alliances and remains uninvolved in international conflicts.
    
    

20. Isthmus: A narrow strip of land that connects two larger landmasses, like the Isthmus of Panama.
    
    

21. Harlem Renaissance: A cultural, artistic, and intellectual movement in the 1920s centered in Harlem, New York, celebrating African American culture.
    
    

22. Hull House: A settlement house founded by Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889, providing social services to immigrants and the poor.
    
    

23. Jingoism: Extreme nationalism and a foreign policy based on aggressive militarism and the belief in national superiority.
    
    

24. League of Nations: An international organization formed after World War I, intended to prevent future conflicts, though the U.S. did not join.
    
    

25. Lusitania: A British passenger ship sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, leading to the deaths of 128 Americans and contributing to the U.S. entering World War I.
    
    

26. Missionary Diplomacy: President Wilson's policy of promoting democracy and moral principles abroad, particularly in Latin America.
    
    

27. Muckrakers: Journalists in the early 20th century who exposed corruption, social injustices, and abuses of power in government and industry.
    
    

28. Muller v. Oregon (1908): A U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld labor laws protecting women workers by recognizing their special needs for protection from overwork.
    
    

29. NAACP: The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to promote civil rights and combat racial discrimination.
    
    

30. National War Labor Board: Established during World War I to mediate disputes between workers and employers to prevent strikes and ensure wartime production.
    
    

31. Niagara Movement: A movement founded in 1905 by W.E.B. Du Bois and others, advocating for civil rights and the full equality of African Americans.
    
    

32. Open Door Policy: A U.S. policy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that advocated for equal trading rights in China and the prevention of monopolies by European powers.
    
    

33. Panama Canal: A man-made waterway across the Isthmus of Panama, built by the U.S. to facilitate faster maritime travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (completed in 1914).
    
    

34. Platt Amendment (1901): An amendment to the Cuban constitution, allowing the U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs and to establish naval bases in Cuba.
    
    

35. Propaganda: Information, often biased or misleading, used to promote a particular political cause or point of view.
    
    

36. Progressive: A political movement in the early 20th century that aimed to address social, political, and economic issues like corruption, inequality, and industrial abuses.
    
    

37. Progressive Amendments: Refers to the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution, which dealt with issues such as income tax, direct election of senators, prohibition, and women's suffrage.
    
    

38. Prohibition: The nationwide ban on alcohol in the U.S. from 1920 to 1933, established by the 18th Amendment.
    
    

39. “Red Summer”: A period of intense racial violence and race riots in the U.S. during the summer and fall of 1919.
    
    

40. Roosevelt Corollary: An addition to the Monroe Doctrine by Theodore Roosevelt, asserting the right of the U.S. to intervene in Latin America to stabilize economic and political situations.
    
    

41. Rough Riders: A volunteer cavalry unit led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War, famous for its charge up San Juan Hill.
    
    

42. Russo-Japanese War: A conflict between Russia and Japan (1904-1905) over imperial expansion in Asia, with Japan emerging victorious.
    
    

43. Salvation Army: A Christian organization founded in 1865, focused on social welfare and providing aid to the poor, homeless, and needy.
    
    

44. Schenck v. the U.S. (1919): A Supreme Court case that upheld the conviction of a man who had distributed anti-draft leaflets, establishing the "clear and present danger" test for limiting free speech.
    
    

45. Sedition Act (1918): Legislation that extended the Espionage Act, making it illegal to criticize the government or the war effort during World War I.
    
    

46. Selective Service Act (1917): The law that authorized the U.S. government to draft men into military service during World War I.
    
    

47. Self-determination: The principle that nations have the right to choose their own government and political status without external influence.
    
    

48. Seward’s Folly: The nickname given to the U.S. purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867, initially seen as a poor decision but later proven to be valuable.
    
    

49. Settlement House: A community center offering social services, education, and healthcare to poor urban residents, particularly immigrants.
    
    

50. Spanish-American War (1898): A brief conflict between the U.S. and Spain, resulting in the U.S. annexing territories such as Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam.
    
    

51. Spheres of Influence: Areas in which a foreign power has exclusive rights to control trade and investments, often found in China during the late 19th century.
    
    

52. Submarine: A watercraft capable of underwater operation, notably used during World War I for stealth attacks on enemy ships (i.e., German U-boats).
    
    

53. Suffrage: The right to vote in elections, particularly women's suffrage, which was achieved with the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.
    
    

54. The Jungle: A 1906 novel by Upton Sinclair that exposed the unsanitary conditions in the U.S. meatpacking industry, leading to reforms in food safety.
    
    

55. Treaty of Portsmouth (1905): The peace treaty that ended the Russo-Japanese War, mediated by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt.
    
    

56. Treaty of Versailles (1919): The peace treaty that ended World War I, imposing heavy reparations on Germany and redrawing borders in Europe and the Middle East.
    
    

57. U-boat: A German submarine, particularly known for its role in World War I, where it sank civilian ships, including the Lusitania.
    
    

58. United Fruit Company: A U.S. company that had a dominant role in the economies of several Central American countries, leading to the term "banana republic."
    
    

59. USS Maine: A U.S. battleship whose explosion in Havana Harbor in 1898 sparked the Spanish-American War.
    
    

60. War Industries Board: A U.S. government agency during World War I responsible for overseeing the production of war materials.
    
    

61. WCTU (Women's Christian Temperance Union): An organization founded in 1874 advocating for the prohibition of alcohol.
    
    

62. “White Man’s Burden”: A concept popularized by Rudyard Kipling’s poem, suggesting that it was the duty of white colonial powers to "civilize" non-white populations.
    
    

63. Yellow Fever: A viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes, which caused significant death and disruption, especially in tropical regions.
    
    

64. Yellow Journalism: Sensationalized news reporting, often exaggerating or distorting the truth to sell more newspapers, especially during the Spanish-American War.
    
    

65. Zimmermann Telegram: A secret German message intercepted by the British in 1917, proposing a military alliance with Mexico against the U.S., which contributed to U.S. entry into World War I.
    
    

Key People:

1. Jane Addams: A pioneering social worker and founder of Hull House, a settlement house that helped immigrants in Chicago.
   
   

2. Emilio Aguinaldo: Filipino revolutionary leader who fought for independence from Spain and later the United States.
   
   

3. Susan B. Anthony: A leading figure in the women's suffrage movement.
   
   

4. Louis Brandeis: The first Jewish U.S. Supreme Court Justice and a progressive reformer.
   
   

5. William Jennings Bryan: A three-time Democratic presidential candidate and advocate for populism, silver-backed currency, and progressive reforms.
   
   

6. Lucy Burns: A leader in the suffrage movement and co-founder of the National Woman's Party.
   
   

7. Carrie Chapman Catt: A suffragist leader who helped secure the passage of the 19th Amendment.
   
   

8. W.E.B. Du Bois: Co-founder of the NAACP and a prominent African American civil rights activist.
   
   

9. Robert La Follette: Progressive politician and reformer, known for his work as Governor of Wisconsin and U.S. Senator.
   
   

10. Queen Liliuokalani: The last monarch of Hawaii, overthrown in 1893 during the U.S. annexation of Hawaii.
    
    

11. William McKinley: U.S. President during the Spanish-American War and the annexation of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
    
    

12. Albert Thayer Mahan: A naval officer whose writings emphasized the importance of sea power in national strategy.
    
    

13. Alice Paul: A leading suffragist and co-founder of the National Woman’s Party.
    
    

14. Theodore Roosevelt: U.S. President, known for his progressive reforms, trust-busting, and leadership in the Spanish-American War.
    
    

15. Margaret Sanger: A leader in the birth control movement and founder of Planned Parenthood.
    
    

16. Upton Sinclair: Author of The Jungle, which exposed unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry.
    
    

17. Elizabeth Cady Stanton: A leading figure in the women's suffrage movement and co-organizer of the first women's rights convention.
    
    

18. Lincoln Steffens: A muckraking journalist known for his exposés on political corruption.
    
    

19. William Howard Taft: U.S. President and later Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; known for his trust-busting policies.
    
    

20. Booker T. Washington: African American educator and leader, advocating for vocational training and economic self-reliance.
    
    

21. Woodrow Wilson: U.S. President during World War I, known for his progressive domestic reforms and the League of Nations.
    
    

• W.E.B. Du Bois: Co-founder of the NAACP and a prominent advocate for civil rights, emphasizing the importance of higher education and political activism.