Geocentric :: Belief that the Earth is the center.

Heliocentric :: Belief that the sun is the center.

Universal Law of Gravitation :: Theories introduced by Sir Isaac Newton

Rationalism : Theory that opinion and actions are based on reason.

Scientific Method : Procedure of answering questions based on observation, measurement, experiment, etc.

Inductive Reasoning :: Observations to come up with a general principle.

National Philosophers :: Middle Age Scientists, Supporters of Aristotle’s Theories

Nicolaus Copernicus :: (Polish) Suggested that the sun was at the center.

Johannes Kepler :: (German) Movement of planets. Also supported heliocentric theory

Galileo Galilei :: ( Italian) Many advancements in Astronomy. Also supported heliocentric theory. Condemned by the Catholic Church.

Isaac Newton :: (English) Various laws of Math and Science. Thought the word was like a giant machine

Margret Cavendish :: (English) Writer, interest in Natural philosophy. Pioneer in women’s rights.

Maria Winkelmann :: (German) Astronomer. Pioneer in women’s rights.

Rene Descartes :: (French) Philosopher and Mathematician.

Francis Bacon :: (English) Explained the scientific method.

Enlightenment :: The thought movement of the 18th century as well as the reaction to Reformation and Age of Absolutism

Influencers of the Enlightenment :: Scientific Revolution and Renaissance

Growth in thought, Belief in progress and the individual, Influences American and French Revolutions :: Effects of Enlightenment

John Locke :: Pushed for political rights, believed that everyone was born with a blank mind.

Montesquieu :: Political rights, Separation of powers.

Voltaire :: “Greatest Figure of the Enlightenment”, Prolific writer.

Diderot :: Created the Encyclopedia.

Adam Smith :: “Father of modern economics”

Laissez-farie :: “let the people do what they want.” Government stays out of business.

Cesare Beccaria :: Advanced justice system.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau :: Created the idea of the Social Contract that the people allow their rulers to be in power.

Mary Wollstonecraft :: Pushed for women’s rights

Importance of Reading :: Books spread the ideas to the literate elite. Publishing and people who could read increased.

25 :: Amount of Periodicals available in 1700

158 :: Amount of Periodicals available in 1780

Salons :: elegant meeting places where wealthy upper and middle class people had conversations over the issues of the day

Merchants :: The people who took ideas around the world.

John Wesley :: Creator of Methodism

Philosophers :: People who attack the ideas of the church

Enlightened Despot :: Rulers who were considered Absolutist but used ideas of the Enlightenment

Fredrick the Great :: Enlightened Despot who ruled Prussia

Joseph II :: Enlightened Despot who ruled the Holy Roman Empire

Catherine the Great :: Enlightened Despot who ruled Russia.

Baroque and Neoclassical :: Music from this time

Bach, Handel, Mozart :: Writers of Music from this time

True :: Buildings become grand, influenced by Greece and Rome.

More are reading :: Cause, writers are writing more novels.