physical science final review
Motion
A frame of reference is a set of coordinates that can determine the position of something or its velocities.
For example, you are a frame of reference while standing on the ground.
Distance is an item's total movement without considering the direction.
A vector is the magnitude and direction of an object. It is represented on paper with arrows.
Arrows in the same direction, add
Arrows overlapping, subtract.
Speed- Object’s change in distance w/ respect to time
Velocity- An object’s change in direction w/ respect to time.
Average velocity- Speed and direction
Instantaneous velocity- Acceleration and time
Speed in a distance vs. time graph- change in distance times change in time
The line's steepness tells you the speed of motion on a distance vs. time graph.
V= d/t, T= d/v, D= v x t V- velocity, D-displacement, T-time
Braking, accelerating, and turning affect your acceleration in a car.
The right arrow represents something speeding up; the left arrow represents something slowing down.
Free fall is falling with only gravity pushing you or affecting you. The acceleration value is the amount of gravitational pull on Earth, 9.8. The vector arrow points down for this vector.
a=v/t, v= a x t, t= a x v
Curvature in a time v. distance graph shows acceleration and deceleration.
The line is straight in a distance v. time graph for constant motion and curved for accelerated motion.
Be able to solve all
It takes a car 13500 m/s to go 450 m.
It would take you 360 m/s to walk a distance of 400 meters.
The boat's acceleration is 3.75 m/s
The initial velocity of the rollercoaster is 4.2
Force
Force is an invisible push or pull that acts on all-natural objects. Its unit is “N” or the Newton.
Force is a vector quantity.
The net force is the sum of forces acting on one object.
Intertia is the tendency to do nothing or to remain unchanged.
EX. pulling a table mat out from underneath tableware, and the tableware staying in place and untouched.
Conditions for accelerated motion are more mass = more acceleration. Conditions for balanced forces are equal in magnitude for both forces.
Conditions for unbalanced forces are the net force not being zero.
Friction always acts in the opposite direction of the object in motion.
Fluid friction is a force that opposes the motion between or within a fluid. Rolling friction is the friction that occurs when a sphere or cylinder slides down an open surface. Sliding friction is the friction created by two things sliding against each other.
A falling object’s velocity and acceleration change based on the forces acting on it by the falling object’s mass or the force’s mass.
Persisting motion at a constant velocity creates horizontal motion.
Newton’s first law of motion is that an object at rest stays at rest unless an outside force acts upon it.
A rocket going into space needs to limit its cargo due to Newton’s second law, which states that the effect of the net force, or gravity in this example, acts on an object or rocket.
Yes, mass and weight can be interchangeable
The momentum equation is p (momentum) = m (mass) x v (velocity)
A closed system is a natural system in which matter cannot come in or out
The term “universal” in “universal forces” is the four universal forces:
Electromagnetic force
Strong nuclear force
Weak nuclear force
Gravitational force
Always attractive forces are gravitational forces
The gravitational force also can work with an infinite distance.
The strong force works on protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
The force of gravity depends on the distance between two objects because of gravity’s proportional relationship to the square of separation.
The force of gravity depends on the masses because gravity directly depends on the mass of objects.
A centripetal force keeps objects rotating in a circular path and keeps objects in orbit.
Energy
Energy is transferred by a force moving through a distance.
Work and energy are related because when you work to move an object, you change the object’s energy.
All energy ultimately comes from the sun.
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.
KE=½ mv2
GPE (gravitational potential energy) is the energy stored in an object. Its formula is
PE= f (force) x distance of displacement
Elastic potential energy is energy stored as a result of applying a force to deform an elastic object.
The units for energy are J or Joules.
Chemical energy is stored in bonds between atoms.
Thermal energy is visualized in terms of particles by its fast-moving particles.
Infrared protons are more powerful than visible light.
A conservation of energy is the fact that all power comes from the sun and cannot be created or destroyed.
On a pendulum, the point of maximum KE is at the bottom, and maximum GPE is its starting point.
Renewable resources like solar energy or air can be replenished. Non-renewable resources are resources that can run out and cannot be replaced, like coal or oil.
Biomass energy is matter from recently living organisms used for bioenergy production.
Bioenergy is a form of renewable energy from recently living organisms.
Waves + Sound
Mechanical waves are disturbances in matter that carry energy from one place to another.
A wave is a disturbance due to the movement of energy and not matter.
Mechanical waves cannot travel through space due to the need for a solid, liquid, or gas to pass through.
A transverse wave is perpendicular to wave travel.
A longitudinal wave is a wave where the wave disturbance is in the same line as the wave travel.
Ocean waves have circular motion.
Frequency and period are the inverse of each other.
To find the wavelength in the ocean, you see the distance between two adjacent crests of a transverse wave.
You can find speed by multiplying the wavelength by the frequency.
Amplitude is the maximum height from equilibrium.
Constructed interference is two peaks in a wave adding together to create a more prominent peak. A destructive interference is when a peak (highest point in a wave) and trough (lowest peak in a wave) cancel each other out.
Reflection is waves bouncing off a hard surface. The wave speed and frequency are the same in reflection.
Refraction is when a wave bends when it enters a new medium.
Diffraction is when waves bend around an obstacle.
Sound behind a partially open door.
Sound is a longitudinal wave.
Sound moves slowly in solid objects.
A sonar depth finder would work on a boat by emitting ultrasonic waves into the water and detecting the reflections.
The Doppler effect is a change in frequency due to motion
EX. ambulance, race car, falling cartoon character
Light + The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic waves are the vibration of an electric + magnetic field. It can travel through a vacuum, with no medium needed.
The speed of light was determined by Michealson’s experiment in 1926.
EM waves were discovered by Heinrich Hertz in 1886.
Changes across the electromagnetic spectrum include an increase in frequency.
The formula that shows the relationship between wavelength and frequency is speed = wavelength x frequency.
Light can act as a wave by measuring the wavelength and frequency.
Light can be shown acting as a particle by telling if it's a proton or one particle of light.
Light becomes distant at farther distances due to particles scattering at a greater distance.
The EM system's least to most significant frequency components are radio, microwave, radar, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-ray, and gamma-ray.
AM (Amplitude Modulation)- constant frequency, info carried in the amplitude
FM (Frequency Modulation)- constant amplitude, frequency changes
Radar can be used to locate the position and velocity of an aircraft by transmitting radio signals; signals bounce off solid objects and go back to the receiver.
Three EM components that are deadly to life are gamma rays, x-rays, and ultraviolet rays.
Opaque- no light passes, can’t see anything
Translucent- some scattered light passes, but the image is fuzzy
Transparent- most light passes through, clear image
Reflection is when light bounces off an object.
Polarization filters light so only one plane passes through. Used for 3D glasses at theatres
Dispersion is when color spreads light as it passes through a prism.
White sunlight is created when all the colors are combined.
Electricity
Electric charges are created when electrons are transferred to or removed from an object.
A neutral object would attain a negative charge after gaining electrons. When objects are loosed, the neutral object would achieve a positive charge.
Two factors that affect the strength of forces in an electric field are the amount of charge and the distance between charges.
The force felt between objects are charges moving out.
The force felt between two opposite charges are charges moving in.
Transfer of electrons through friction- rubbing balloon through hair
Transfer of electrons through induction- the charge moves others nearby it.
Static electricity is created when the total net charge of a system is zero.
Someone's hair sticks up when rubbing a balloon on it because electrons are transferred from one of the objects to another while being massaged. One of the objects is positively charged, and one of the objects is negatively charged.
AC- Electrons flow back and forth in house appliances and electric motors.
DC- one-way flow. They are found in batteries, flashlights, and toys.
The current used for large motors is AC, and batteries are DC.
Conductor- charge flows through easily
Insulator- blocks flow of electrons
Length, thickness, and temperature affect a material’s resistance.
The equation for Ohm’s law is voltage = current x resistance.
A circuit is a complete path without any breaks that carry a charge. If an open circuit breaks the circuit, the charge is lost.
Electrons flow through a series of circuits by the charges going through the circuit, lighting up lightbulbs one by one. Electrons flow through a parallel circuit by the charges moving down into the lightbulbs, becoming more reliable and having a less impactful failure. Parallel circuits are used in homes.
Fuses, circuit breakers, and GFCI make electrical circuits safer by:
Fuses- using a thin metal strand that melts to break the circuit if too much current flows through.
Circuit breakers- switch open and close circuit.
GFCI- breaks a circuit if a leak is detected.
Electrical power formula: E= watts x seconds
Units for
Electrical charge: Joules (J)
Voltage: volt (V)
Current: Amp (l)
Power: Watts (W)
A frame of reference helps determine the position or velocity of an object.
For example, standing on the ground is a frame of reference.
Distance is how far an object moves without considering direction.
Vectors show both magnitude and direction, often represented by arrows.
Speed is how fast an object moves.
Velocity includes speed and direction.
Acceleration is the change in velocity over time.
Forces are invisible pushes or pulls acting on objects.
Energy is transferred through forces moving objects.
Waves carry energy through disturbances in matter.
Electric charges are created by transferring or removing electrons.
Circuits provide a path for charges to flow, with resistance affecting the flow.
Light can act as both a wave and a particle.
The electromagnetic spectrum includes various frequencies of waves.
There are four universal forces: electromagnetic, strong nuclear, weak nuclear, and gravitational forces.
Conservation of energy states energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Momentum is conserved in a closed system.
Renewable resources can be replenished, while non-renewable resources can run out.
Newton's laws explain motion and forces acting on objects.
Fuses, circuit breakers, and GFCI help make electrical circuits safer.
Units like Joules, volts, amps, and watts are used to measure various aspects in physics.
Motion
A frame of reference is a set of coordinates that can determine the position of something or its velocities.
For example, you are a frame of reference while standing on the ground.
Distance is an item's total movement without considering the direction.
A vector is the magnitude and direction of an object. It is represented on paper with arrows.
Arrows in the same direction, add
Arrows overlapping, subtract.
Speed- Object’s change in distance w/ respect to time
Velocity- An object’s change in direction w/ respect to time.
Average velocity- Speed and direction
Instantaneous velocity- Acceleration and time
Speed in a distance vs. time graph- change in distance times change in time
The line's steepness tells you the speed of motion on a distance vs. time graph.
V= d/t, T= d/v, D= v x t V- velocity, D-displacement, T-time
Braking, accelerating, and turning affect your acceleration in a car.
The right arrow represents something speeding up; the left arrow represents something slowing down.
Free fall is falling with only gravity pushing you or affecting you. The acceleration value is the amount of gravitational pull on Earth, 9.8. The vector arrow points down for this vector.
a=v/t, v= a x t, t= a x v
Curvature in a time v. distance graph shows acceleration and deceleration.
The line is straight in a distance v. time graph for constant motion and curved for accelerated motion.
Be able to solve all
It takes a car 13500 m/s to go 450 m.
It would take you 360 m/s to walk a distance of 400 meters.
The boat's acceleration is 3.75 m/s
The initial velocity of the rollercoaster is 4.2
Force
Force is an invisible push or pull that acts on all-natural objects. Its unit is “N” or the Newton.
Force is a vector quantity.
The net force is the sum of forces acting on one object.
Intertia is the tendency to do nothing or to remain unchanged.
EX. pulling a table mat out from underneath tableware, and the tableware staying in place and untouched.
Conditions for accelerated motion are more mass = more acceleration. Conditions for balanced forces are equal in magnitude for both forces.
Conditions for unbalanced forces are the net force not being zero.
Friction always acts in the opposite direction of the object in motion.
Fluid friction is a force that opposes the motion between or within a fluid. Rolling friction is the friction that occurs when a sphere or cylinder slides down an open surface. Sliding friction is the friction created by two things sliding against each other.
A falling object’s velocity and acceleration change based on the forces acting on it by the falling object’s mass or the force’s mass.
Persisting motion at a constant velocity creates horizontal motion.
Newton’s first law of motion is that an object at rest stays at rest unless an outside force acts upon it.
A rocket going into space needs to limit its cargo due to Newton’s second law, which states that the effect of the net force, or gravity in this example, acts on an object or rocket.
Yes, mass and weight can be interchangeable
The momentum equation is p (momentum) = m (mass) x v (velocity)
A closed system is a natural system in which matter cannot come in or out
The term “universal” in “universal forces” is the four universal forces:
Electromagnetic force
Strong nuclear force
Weak nuclear force
Gravitational force
Always attractive forces are gravitational forces
The gravitational force also can work with an infinite distance.
The strong force works on protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
The force of gravity depends on the distance between two objects because of gravity’s proportional relationship to the square of separation.
The force of gravity depends on the masses because gravity directly depends on the mass of objects.
A centripetal force keeps objects rotating in a circular path and keeps objects in orbit.
Energy
Energy is transferred by a force moving through a distance.
Work and energy are related because when you work to move an object, you change the object’s energy.
All energy ultimately comes from the sun.
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.
KE=½ mv2
GPE (gravitational potential energy) is the energy stored in an object. Its formula is
PE= f (force) x distance of displacement
Elastic potential energy is energy stored as a result of applying a force to deform an elastic object.
The units for energy are J or Joules.
Chemical energy is stored in bonds between atoms.
Thermal energy is visualized in terms of particles by its fast-moving particles.
Infrared protons are more powerful than visible light.
A conservation of energy is the fact that all power comes from the sun and cannot be created or destroyed.
On a pendulum, the point of maximum KE is at the bottom, and maximum GPE is its starting point.
Renewable resources like solar energy or air can be replenished. Non-renewable resources are resources that can run out and cannot be replaced, like coal or oil.
Biomass energy is matter from recently living organisms used for bioenergy production.
Bioenergy is a form of renewable energy from recently living organisms.
Waves + Sound
Mechanical waves are disturbances in matter that carry energy from one place to another.
A wave is a disturbance due to the movement of energy and not matter.
Mechanical waves cannot travel through space due to the need for a solid, liquid, or gas to pass through.
A transverse wave is perpendicular to wave travel.
A longitudinal wave is a wave where the wave disturbance is in the same line as the wave travel.
Ocean waves have circular motion.
Frequency and period are the inverse of each other.
To find the wavelength in the ocean, you see the distance between two adjacent crests of a transverse wave.
You can find speed by multiplying the wavelength by the frequency.
Amplitude is the maximum height from equilibrium.
Constructed interference is two peaks in a wave adding together to create a more prominent peak. A destructive interference is when a peak (highest point in a wave) and trough (lowest peak in a wave) cancel each other out.
Reflection is waves bouncing off a hard surface. The wave speed and frequency are the same in reflection.
Refraction is when a wave bends when it enters a new medium.
Diffraction is when waves bend around an obstacle.
Sound behind a partially open door.
Sound is a longitudinal wave.
Sound moves slowly in solid objects.
A sonar depth finder would work on a boat by emitting ultrasonic waves into the water and detecting the reflections.
The Doppler effect is a change in frequency due to motion
EX. ambulance, race car, falling cartoon character
Light + The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic waves are the vibration of an electric + magnetic field. It can travel through a vacuum, with no medium needed.
The speed of light was determined by Michealson’s experiment in 1926.
EM waves were discovered by Heinrich Hertz in 1886.
Changes across the electromagnetic spectrum include an increase in frequency.
The formula that shows the relationship between wavelength and frequency is speed = wavelength x frequency.
Light can act as a wave by measuring the wavelength and frequency.
Light can be shown acting as a particle by telling if it's a proton or one particle of light.
Light becomes distant at farther distances due to particles scattering at a greater distance.
The EM system's least to most significant frequency components are radio, microwave, radar, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-ray, and gamma-ray.
AM (Amplitude Modulation)- constant frequency, info carried in the amplitude
FM (Frequency Modulation)- constant amplitude, frequency changes
Radar can be used to locate the position and velocity of an aircraft by transmitting radio signals; signals bounce off solid objects and go back to the receiver.
Three EM components that are deadly to life are gamma rays, x-rays, and ultraviolet rays.
Opaque- no light passes, can’t see anything
Translucent- some scattered light passes, but the image is fuzzy
Transparent- most light passes through, clear image
Reflection is when light bounces off an object.
Polarization filters light so only one plane passes through. Used for 3D glasses at theatres
Dispersion is when color spreads light as it passes through a prism.
White sunlight is created when all the colors are combined.
Electricity
Electric charges are created when electrons are transferred to or removed from an object.
A neutral object would attain a negative charge after gaining electrons. When objects are loosed, the neutral object would achieve a positive charge.
Two factors that affect the strength of forces in an electric field are the amount of charge and the distance between charges.
The force felt between objects are charges moving out.
The force felt between two opposite charges are charges moving in.
Transfer of electrons through friction- rubbing balloon through hair
Transfer of electrons through induction- the charge moves others nearby it.
Static electricity is created when the total net charge of a system is zero.
Someone's hair sticks up when rubbing a balloon on it because electrons are transferred from one of the objects to another while being massaged. One of the objects is positively charged, and one of the objects is negatively charged.
AC- Electrons flow back and forth in house appliances and electric motors.
DC- one-way flow. They are found in batteries, flashlights, and toys.
The current used for large motors is AC, and batteries are DC.
Conductor- charge flows through easily
Insulator- blocks flow of electrons
Length, thickness, and temperature affect a material’s resistance.
The equation for Ohm’s law is voltage = current x resistance.
A circuit is a complete path without any breaks that carry a charge. If an open circuit breaks the circuit, the charge is lost.
Electrons flow through a series of circuits by the charges going through the circuit, lighting up lightbulbs one by one. Electrons flow through a parallel circuit by the charges moving down into the lightbulbs, becoming more reliable and having a less impactful failure. Parallel circuits are used in homes.
Fuses, circuit breakers, and GFCI make electrical circuits safer by:
Fuses- using a thin metal strand that melts to break the circuit if too much current flows through.
Circuit breakers- switch open and close circuit.
GFCI- breaks a circuit if a leak is detected.
Electrical power formula: E= watts x seconds
Units for
Electrical charge: Joules (J)
Voltage: volt (V)
Current: Amp (l)
Power: Watts (W)
A frame of reference helps determine the position or velocity of an object.
For example, standing on the ground is a frame of reference.
Distance is how far an object moves without considering direction.
Vectors show both magnitude and direction, often represented by arrows.
Speed is how fast an object moves.
Velocity includes speed and direction.
Acceleration is the change in velocity over time.
Forces are invisible pushes or pulls acting on objects.
Energy is transferred through forces moving objects.
Waves carry energy through disturbances in matter.
Electric charges are created by transferring or removing electrons.
Circuits provide a path for charges to flow, with resistance affecting the flow.
Light can act as both a wave and a particle.
The electromagnetic spectrum includes various frequencies of waves.
There are four universal forces: electromagnetic, strong nuclear, weak nuclear, and gravitational forces.
Conservation of energy states energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Momentum is conserved in a closed system.
Renewable resources can be replenished, while non-renewable resources can run out.
Newton's laws explain motion and forces acting on objects.
Fuses, circuit breakers, and GFCI help make electrical circuits safer.
Units like Joules, volts, amps, and watts are used to measure various aspects in physics.
