Science AT4 - 8.3, 8.4

Levels of ecological organisation:

• Organism

• Population - a group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time.

• Community - populations of organisms living and interacting with each other in an area.

• Ecosystem - a biological community of organisms that live and interact with each other and the non-living components of their environment. 

• Biosphere - the sum of all earth’s ecosystems.

Feeding behaviours

• Carnivore - an animal whose diet consists primarily of other animals

• Herbivore - an animal whose diet consists primarily of plant matter

• Omnivore - an animal whose diet consists of both other animals and plant matter

Producers - organisms at the first trophic level. AUTOTROPHIC Organisms that produce food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis for other organisms to eat or are eaten by other organisms. E.g, plants

Species - a distinct group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring

Biological control - the introduction of a species to reduce a pest population

Symbiosis - any close and prolonged interactions between organisms of two different species

Commensalism - a symbiotic relationship where one species is benefited and the other is not affected.

Levels of ecological organisation:

• Individual organism

• Population - a group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time.

• Community - groups of populations living and interacting with each other in the same area.

• Ecosystem - a biological community of organisms interacting with each other and the non living factors of their environment

• Biosphere - the sum of all of earth’s ecosystems.

Habitat - the natural home or environment of an organism

Environment - the surroundings in which an organism lives. 

Competition - species competing for limited resources in the same are at the same time.

Allelopathy - symbiotic relationship in which an organism produces a chemical that impacts growth, reproduction, or survival of another.

Adaptations

• Structural - physical feature

• Physiological - process occurring within

• Behavioural - action 

The sun is the primary source of energy in an ecosystem. It enters as solar energy, plants convert it to chemical energy via photosynthesis. This chemical energy is transferred from organism to organism as they are consumed

Commensalism

Predation

Mutualism

parasitism

Competition

Allelopathy

The smaller the object, the higher its surface area to volume ratio. The higher the sa:vol ratio, the more quickly the objects heats up/cools down because it is closer to the edges

Biomass is the total sum of mass of organisms in a given population

Contact forces require bodies to be touching or in direct contact to create a push, pull, or twist. Types of contact forces include normal (reaction), friction, tension, or spring

Field forces, or non contact forces, do not require bodies to be in direct contact to occur. Types of field forces include gravitation, electric, magnetic. 

When an organism of a species produces chemicals that influence the growth, reproduction, and survival of another

Adaptation -  anything that enables an organism to better survive in its environment. Three types:

• Structural. A physical feature

• Physiological - a process occurring within

• Behavioural - an action 

Biomass is the sum of the mass of all organisms within a given population.

The smaller the object, the higher the sa:vol ratio. The higher this ratio, the more quickly the object heats/cools.

The larger the object, the lower the sa:vol ratio. The lower the ratio, the more slowly the object heats/cools.

Types of symbiotic relationships (5+1)

• Parasitism

• Predation

• Commensalism

• Mutualism

• Competition

An ecological niche encompasses all of a species’ interactions with its environment, its usage of the abiotic and biotic factors of its environment. For example, the ecological niche of a bird may include its nesting site, the organisms it consumes, the materials it uses to create its nesting site, the climatic conditions needed for it to survive.

Habitat - the natural home/environment of an organism

Environment - the surroundings in which an organism lives.

Energy enters an ecosystem as solar energy from the sun. plants capture this energy and photosynthesise, turning it to chemical energy. Herbivores consume this energy, transferring it throughout the food web.

Parasitism - one species benefits while harming another

Predation - predator consumes prey

Mutualism - both species benefit

Commensalism - one benefits, the other is unaffected

Allelopathy - when on organism produces chemicals that influence the surviva, growth, and reproduction of another

Competition - organisms competing for the same resources at the same time, same place.

Newton’s first law is the law of inertia. States that an object in

A satellite is a celestial body or artificial object that orbits a planet.

Electrostatic - relating to stationary electric charges or fields.

Newton's third law states that for every action this is an equal and opposite reaction

Newton’s second law is the law of acceleration. 

A force is a push, pull or twist acting upon an object as a result of its interaction with another object.

Types of contact forces include normal/reaction, tension, spring, friction

Types of non contact forces include electrostatic/electric, magnetic, gravitational

Energy from the sun enters the ecosystem as solar energy. Plants photosynthesise this energy into chemical energy, which is transferred from organism to organism.

Habitat - the natural home or environment of an organism

Environment - the surroundings in which an organism lives

Producers - Autotrophic organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Serve as a source of food for other organisms. E.g, plants

Consumers - Heterotrophic organisms that consume other organisms and food created by other organisms, e.g, animals.

Decomposers - Consumers that gain their own energy by decomposing or breaking down dead or decaying organism, e.g, bacteria and fungi

Producers - autotrophic organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis and serve as a source of food for other organisms. E.g, plants

Consumers - a heterotrophic organism that consumes other organisms and food produced by other organisms, e.g, animals.

Adaptations:

• Behavioural - an action performed by an organism to enable it to better survive in its environment

• Structural - a physical feature of an organism…

• Physiological - a process occurring within an organism… 

Organism

Population - a group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time

Community - a group of populations living and interacting with each other in the same area at the same time.

Ecosystem - a biological community of organisms living and interacting with each other and the abiotic factors of their environment.

Biosphere - the sum of all of earths ecosystems.

This is because as energy is transferred up the trophic levels, not all is transferred. Some is lost, for example, an organism may use up most of its energy before it is consumed by another. This results in less energy to support a trophic level, reducing populations.

Producers - autotrophic organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Serve as a source of food for other organisms. E.g, plants.

Consumers - heterotrophic organisms that consume other organisms and food produced by other organisms. E.g, animals.

Decomposers - consuming organisms that obtain their own energy by decomposing and breaking down dead or decaying organisms. E.g, bacteria and fungi.

A first-order consumer is usually a herbivore, a second order consumer a carnivore or omnivore.

Feeding behaviours 

Carnivore - an animal whose diet primarily consists of other animals.

Herbivore - an animal whose diet primarily consists of plant matter

Omnivore - an animal whose diet primarily consists of both plant matter and other animals.

Force is a vector quantity, meaning that it needs magnitude, units, and direction to describe it. The direction of the arrow indicates the direction of the force, the size of the vector indicates the size of a force

Mass is the measure of matter in an object. It is measured in kilograms using a scale. Mass is constant and cannot equal zero.

Weight is the force with which an object is attracted to the Earth. It is measured in Newtons using a balance. Changes and can be zero.

Acceleration is the rate at which an object changes its velocity.

Producers - autotrophic organism that produces its own food via photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Serves as a source of food for other organisms. E.g, plant

Consumers - a heterotrophic organism that consumes other organisms and food produced by other organisms. E.g, animal

Decomposers - an organism that obtains energy by breaking down dead or decaying organisms. E.g, bacteria

A force is a pull, push, or twist acting upon an object as a result of its interaction with another object

A force is a pull, push or twist acting on an object as a result of its interaction with another object. There are two main types; contact, and non contact. 

Newtons first law is the law of inertia. Inertia is the tendency of an object in motion to stay in motion, or an object at rest to stay at rest until acted on by an unbalanced force. States that an object that is not moving or is at rest will stay at rest, and an object that is moving will keep moving with constant velocity (speed and direction), unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

An object that is not moving or is at rest, will stay at rest, and an object that is moving will keep moving with a constant velocity (speed and direction) until acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Newton’s second law is the law of acceleration. The larger the force, the larger the acceleration. When an unbalanced force is applied to a mass, it causes it to accelerate. 

When an unbalanced force is applied to a mass, it causes it to accelerate. F=ma

Newton’s third law is the law of action and reaction. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

A force is a pull push or twist exerted on an object as a result of its interaction with another.

A non contact force is a force applied to another object by something not in direct contact with it.

A non contact force is a force applied to an object by a body that is not in direct contact with it.

A contact force is a force required to be in direct contact with an object to create a push pull or twist

A contact force is a force required to be in direct contact with an object to cause a pull push or twist

A non contact force is a force exerted on an object by another i

Newton’s third law is the law of action and reaction. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Newton’s first law is the law of inertia. An object that is not moving, or is at rest, will stay at rest, and an object that is in motion will stay at motion with a constant velocity (speed and direction) unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Newton’s second law is the law of acceleration. The larger the force applied to a mass, the larger the acceleration. When force a is applied to an object with a smaller mass, the larger the acceleration. When force a is applied to an object with a larger mass, the smaller the acceleration. f=ma

Mass and weight are two distinctly different concepts.

Mass is the measure of the amount of matter an object contains. It can never be zero and stays constant. Mass is measured with a balance and is measured in kilograms.

Weight is the force with which an object is attracted to the Earth

Weight is the force with which an object is attracted to the earth. Measured with newtons and a scale.

w=mg

The friction is due to air resistance, or drag. As the individuals fall, they collide with air molecules which push back against them in the opposite direction, causing friction.

A force is a push, pull, or twist that acts upon an object as a result of its interaction with another object.

There are two types: contact and non contact.

Types of contact forces include normal/reaction, friction, tension, and spring.

Types of non contact forces include electric, gravitational, and magnetic.

A contact force is a force applied to an object that is in direct contact with the

Newtons first law is the law of inertia. An object that is not moving or is at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay at motion with a constant velocity (speed, distance) unless acted upon by an unbalanced force

Newton’s second law is the law of acceleration. When an unbalanced force is applied to a mass, this will cause it to accelerate. The larger the force, the larger the acceleration. The smaller the force, the smaller the acceleration. 

Newton’s third law is the law of action and reaction. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Works in pairs.\

Mass is the amount of matter in an object. Measured in kilograms. Stays constant, can never be zero.

Weight is the force with which an object is attracted to the Earth. Measured in newtons because it is a force. Changes according to location, can be zero.

W = mg

Gravity is a force of attraction that moves objects to the centres of celestial bodies.

Gravity is a force of attraction that moves bodies to the centre of a celestial body.

Gravity is a force of attraction between a body towards the centre of a celestial body. A force of attraction between any two masses

Gravity is a force of attraction between a body towards the centre of a celestial body. Also a force of attraction between any two objects with mass

A normal/reaction force is a support force exerted upon an object in contact with another stable object

Acceleration is the rate at which an object changes its velocity.

A normal/reaction force is a support force exerted upon an object in contact with another stable object

A normal/reaction force is a support force exerted upon an object that is in contact with another stable object

Acceleration is the rate at which an object changes its velocity. Can include speeding up, slowing down, or changing direction. Acceleration occurs when there is a net force. Direction of acceleration = direction of net force.

Acceleration is equal to change in velocity over time

A spring force is the force exerted by a compressed or stretched string on the attached object.

A spring force is the force exerted by a compressed or stretched spring on the attached object.

An object that compresses or stretches a spring is always acted on by a force that restores the object to its rest position.

A spring force is the force exerted by a stretched or compressed spring on an attached object. The object compressing or stretching the spring is always being acted on by a force that tries to restore the object to its rest or equilibrium position.

A spring force is a force exerted by a compressed or stretched spring upon an object that is attached. The object compressing or stretching the spring is being acted upon by a force that restores it to its rest or equilibrium position.

A spring force is the force exerted by a compressed or stretched spring on an attached object. The object that is stretching or compressing the spring is being acted upon by a force that restores it to its rest or equilibrium position. The size of the force on the spring is proportional to the compression or stretch. Hookes law blah blah

Friction is

Gravity is the force of attraction that moves bodies to the centre of celestial bodies. Attracts two objects with mass

Friction is a force that opposes motion and lets off heat. Contact force. 

A force is a push pull or twist acting upon an object as a result of its interaction with another. Two types: non contact or contact.

A contact force is a force required to be in direct contact with another object to create a push pull or twist

Newton’s first law is the law of inertia. An object that is not moving or is at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion with the same velocity (speed and direction) until an unbalanced force is applied.

Newton’s second law is the law of acceleration. When an unbalanced force is applied to a specific mass, it causes it to accelerate.

Newton’s third law is the law of action and reaction. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Types of contact forces: normal/reaction, tension, spring, friction

Types of non contact forces - electric, magnetic, gravitational

A spring force is a force that is exerted by a compressed or stretched string on an attached object. The object attached to the spring force is acted upon by a force trying to revert it to its rest or equilibrium position. The size of the force of the spring is proportional to its stretch or compression size

A spring force is a force that is exerted by a stretched or compressed spring on an attached object. The object is acted upon by a force trying to restore it to its rest or equilibrium position. The size of the force is directly proportional to the stretch or decompression of the spring.

Look at the decimal places in the data given in order to round your number. 

Always make sure that your units are in kg 

3 types of friction include:

• Sliding friction occurs when two surfaces slide past each other

• Rolling friction occurs when a rolling body rolls over another. Friction force is significantly smaller than sliding friction.

• Fluid friction occurs by fluids in motion or when moving solids and fluids come in contact. Thin fluids flow easier, less friction.

3 types of friction

• Sliding friction occurs when one body moves over abitger

• Rolling friction occurs when a rolling body rolls over another. Friction produced is significantly less than sliding friction.

• Fluid friction occurs during fluids in motion OR contact between moving fluids and solids. A fluid is a gas or a liquid. The thinner the fluid, the less friction because it flows more easily.

3 types of friction

• Sliding friction occurs when 

• Rolling friction occurs when a rolling body rolls over another. Less friction than sliding

• Fluid friction is produced by fluids in motion OR contact between moving fluids and solids. The thinner the fluid, the easier it flows, less friction.

• Surface friction occurs when one solid moves across another

• Rolling friction occurs when a rolling body rolls over another

• Sliding fiction occurs when one solid moves across another.

• Fluid friction is produced by fluids in motion OR contact between moving fluids and solids.

A force is a push, pull, or twist exerted upon an object as a result of its interaction with another. Two types of forces are contact and non contact.

Contact forces include normal (reaction), friction, tension, and spring. Requires surfaces to be in direct contact with one another to cause a push pull or twist.

Non contact forces include electric, gravitational, or magnetic. Does not require bodies to be in direct contact with each other to occur. The larger the distance between the bodies, the weaker the force.

Gravity, also known as gravitational pull, is a force of attraction that pulls bodies to the centre of celestial bodies. Also a force of attracition between any two obejcts that have mass

Charging by contact requires them to be touching so electrons move from one place to another

Mass is the amount of matter an object contains. Constant as you move through space. Can never be zero. Measured using kilograms. Balance .

Weight is measure of the force of gravity on a mass.

Weight is the force with which an object is attracted to the earth. The measure of the amount of gravity exerted ona  body with a mass.measured in newtons because weight is a force. Scale. Changes as you move throughout space.

A spring force is a force exerted by a compressed or stretched spring on an attached object. The object experiences a force that is trying to restore its rest or equilibrium position. The size of the spring force is proportional to the amount of stretch or decompression

When a skydiver starts to leave a plane, the only force acting on her is gravity. She accelerates down as there is not enough air resistance, or drag to balance the force of gravity. Eventually, the drag/air resistance increases and balances out the force of gravity acting on the skydiver so there is no net force. She descends at a constant velocity, also known as terminal velocity. 

Acceleration is the rate at which an object changes its velocity. Speeding up, slowing down, changing direction. Acceleration is calculated by the change in velocity over time

Friction force is a contact force that opposes motion and produces heat. The force produced when a body attempts to move across another, retarding force.

Normal reaction force is the support force exerted on an object 

Newton’s first law is the law of inertia. States that an object that is at rest, or is not moving, will stay at rest, and an object that is moving will stay moving with constant velocity (same speed and direction) unless acted upon by an unbalanced (net) force. 

Inertia is the tendency of an object that is at rest to stay at rest, or an object that is in motion to stay at motion unless acted upon by unbalanced forces.

Newtons second law of motion is the law of acceleration. when an unbalanced force is applied to a specific mass, this will cause it to accelerate. f=ma, the greater the force, the greater the acceleration, vv. If force x is applied, the greater the mass, the smaller the acceleration. But the smaller the mass, the greater the acceleration.e

Newton’s third law is the law of action and reaction. For every action, there is an opposite and equal reaction. If the action is pressing on a phone screen with your finger, the reaction is the force the phone exerts back on your finger.

Acceleration is the rate at which an object changes its velocity (speed and direction) a = change of velocity over time. Direction of acceleration = direction of net force.

Weight force is the force with which an object is attracted to the earth 

Elephant skydiver worksheet rewritten answers

Force is a vector quantity, meaning it needs magnitude, units, and size to be expressed.

Weight force is the force with which an object is attracted to the earth. The force exerted on an object due to gravitational force.

Gravity or gravitational force is the force with which any two masses are attracted to each other, the force that pulls an object to the centre of a celestial body.

Weight gravity

Gravity is the force of attraction between masses, and is the force that pulls objects to the centre of a celestial body.

Weight is the force exerted on an object due to the gravitational force. w=mg

Although they are similar concepts that are often used interchangeably, weight and gravity are two distinctly different concepts.

Gravity, or gravitational force, is the force with which any two objects with mass are attracted to each other. It is the force that pulls objects to the centre of a celestial body such as the Moon or Earth. Gravity is calculated by F = Gm1m2 over dsquared.

Weight, on the other hand, is the force with which an object is attracted to the Earth. It is the force exerted on an object due to gravitational force. It is calculated by w=mg. It is a specific type of gravitational force.

Types of satellites:

• Geostationary. Goes from east to west, spins with the earth so from the ground it looks like it isnt moving.

• Polar orbiting. Goes from north pole to south pole and back again. Can scan chunks of the earth 

A domain is a region in a ferromagnetic material that aligns itself with a magnetic field.

A domain is a region in a ferromagnetic material that aligns itself with a magnetic field. Iron nickel cobalt.

Electromagnets can be enhanced by

• Looping the wire, concentrating the field.

• Wrapping the wire around an iron core, its domains align with the field concentrating its strength

• Increasing the current

Domain theory states that all materials contain regions known as domains. In non magnetic materials, these domains are randomly positioned, cancelling each other out. In ferromagnetic materials, however, these materials can be aligned with a magnetic field.

Magnets can be demagnetised by adding energy. The energy causes the domains to randomly move and cancel out, taking away their magnetic properties.

A domain is a region in a ferromagnetic material (iron cobalt nickel) that can align itself with a magnetic field

Types of magnets include permanent and temporary.

Permanent magnets are made of ferromagnetic materials and retain their magnetism and magnetic field. Eg bar magnet

Permanent magnets are made up of ferromagnetic materials iron nickel cobalt and retain their magnetism and field eg bar magnet

Temporary magnets behave like permanent mangets when within a strong magnetic field, but they lose magnetism when it disappears. Eg electromagnet which can be switched on and off.

Weight is the force with which an obejct is attracted to the earth 

Universal law of gravitation states that f = gm1m2 over d squared where g is the gravitational constant, m1 is the first mass, m2 is the second mass, and d is the distance between the masses

Newton’s second law is the law of acceleration. States that when an unbalanced force is applied to a mass, it causes it to accelerate. Force is equal to the product of mass and acceleration. The larger the force, the larger the acceleration, vv. If force x is applied to a larger mass, it will have less acceleration, and if force x is applied to a smaller mass, it will have more acceleration.

Acceleration is the rate at which an object changes its velocity. Equal to change in velocity over time. Acceleration is a vector quantity 

Force is a vector quantity, meaning that it needs magnitude, units, and direction to be described

Charging by contact involves charging an object by directly touching it. A neutral object will always be attracted to a charged object. The electrons can move from charged object to the neutral object or vice versa+

Three main types of friction

Sliding occurs when a surface slides across another. The attractive particles try to cling to each other, creating friction.

Rolling occurs when a rolling object rolls over another. Creates significantly less friction than sliding because less surface area.

Fluid occurs either between an object moving through a fluid or fluids in motion. A fluid is a gas or liquid. The thinner the fluid the easier it flows and therefore less friction.

A normal reaction force is the support force exerted by an object on another stable object

Gravity is an attractive force that pulls objects to the centre of a celestial body such as the earth or the moon. Or a force of attraction between any two masses.

A spring force is a force exerted by a compressed or stretched string on the attached object. The object is always acted upon by a force trying to restore it to its equilibrium or rest position. The size of the force is proportional to the amount of stretch or compression in the spring.

Newton’s first law is the law of inertia. States that an object at rest will stay at rest, and an object that is moving will keep moving with the same velocity (speed and direction) unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Mass is the measure of matter in an object. Measured in kilograms and stays constant wherever you go. Balance. Cant equal zero

Weight is the force with which an object is attracted to the earth due to gravity. Measured in newtons because it is a force. Can change depending on where you are. Scale can equal zero

Weight force is the force with which an object is attracted to the earth and is equal to w = mg

Gravitational force is the force of attraction that moves objects to the centre of a celestial body such as the earth. Also the force of attraction between any two masses. Weight force is a specific type of gravitational force.

Force is a pull, push, or twist exerted on an object due to its interaction with another object. There are contact and non contact forces.

Contact forces include normal/reaction, friction, tension, or spring

Non contact forces include electric, magnetic, or gravtiational. These decrease the further apart the objects are.

Contact forces require objects to be directly touching to occur

Non contact forces do not require objects to be directly touching to occur.

Mass is a scalar quantity meaning it only needs MAGNITUDE to be described

A domain is a region in a ferromagnetic material that can be aligned with a magnetic field.

A friction force is a retarding force, meaning it opposes objects’ attempted motion in order to slow it down. Produces heatThere are two types of friction forces: kinetic/dynamic and static. Kinetic slows the object down, static keeps it from going while at rest.

Friction force is retarding meaning that it opposes attempted motion and produces heat. There are two types of frictional forces, kinetic/dynamic and static. kinetic/dynamic friction slows moving objects down, static keeps objects from moving while at rest. Results from surfaces being pressed closely together.

Newton’s third law is the law of action and reaction. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. The action might be pressing your phone, the reaction will be the phone pressing back on you.

The universal law of gravitation states that the force of attraction between any two objects is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Force = gravitational constant times mass one times mass two over distance in metres squared

The universal law of gravitation states that the force of attraction between any two masses is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the distance between them squared.

There are two types of magnets

1. Permanent magnets are made up of ferromagnetic materials. Retain their magnetism and magnetic field eg bar magnet

2. Temporary magnets can behave like permanent magnets when in the presence of a magnetic field. However lose magnetism when field is removed and can be turned on an off eg electromagnetic.

An electromagnetic works when a current is passed through a wire, generating little magnetic fields. When the wire is looped, the magnetic fields overlap and combine, creating circles of magnetic fields around the wire. It can be strengthened by

• Looping the wire and concentrating the magnetic 

Friction is a retarding force, which means it opposes motion and produces heat. There are two main types of friction: 

Kinetic (dynamic) and static

kinetic/dynamic - slows down objects in motion

Static - stops object at rest from starting to move.

Friction occurs due to the attractive particles on the surfaces in contact trying to grab onto each other.

Mass is a scalar quantity meaning that it only needs magnitude to be fully expressed 

A spring force is the force a stretched or decompressed spring exerts on an attached object. The attached object is constantly being acted upon by a force trying to restore it to equilibrium position. The size of the spring force is proportional to the size of the stretch or decompression

A normal/reaction force is the support force exerted by an object that is in contact with another stable object

3 types of friction

• Sliding friction occurs when a solids moves across another.

• Rolling friction occurs when a rolling solid rolls over another. Friction produced is significantly 

• Fluid friction occurs either by fluids in motion or when a solid moves through a fluid. The thinner the fluid, the more easily it flows, the less friction produced. 

Acceleration is the rate at which an object changes its velocity.

Calculated by change of velocity over time

Newton’s second law is the law of 

Acceleration is the rate at which an object changes its velocity. Calculated as change in velocity over time

A charged object will always produce a force of attraction on a neutral object.

Friction can be increased through

• Larger surface area

• Larger mass

• Rougher surfaces

• Increasing speed

Friction can be decreased through

• Smaller surface area

• Smaller mass

• Smaller speed

• Lubricants create a small layer that decreases friction

A force is a pull push or twist exerted on an object due to its interaction with another object. There are contact and non contact forces:

Contact forces - normal/reaction force, friction force, tension force, spring force

Non contact forces - gravitational, magnetic, electric/electrostatic

Drag is a type of fluid friction that opposes motion until it balances the weight force and terminal velocity is achieved. DRAG depends on SPEED, SIZE, and SHAPE. Drag is the particles that collide with a object 

An object with a larger mass will have a larger gravitational pull and weight force. This means that it requires more drag to reach terminal velocity.

An object with a smaller mass will have a smaller gravitational pull and weight force. This means that it requires less drag to reach terminal velocity.

Larger drag force can only be achieved at higher speeds. 

An orbittal velocity is the velocity at which a body revolves around another body

An orbital velocity is the velocity at which a body revolves around another body. The speed at which an object must travel to stay in a stable orbit around a celestial body.

An orbittal velocity is the velocity at which a body revolves around another body. The speed at which an object must travel to stay in a stable orbit around a celestial body.

An orbittal velocity is the velocity at which a body revolves around another body. The speed at which an object must travel to stay in a stable orbit around a celestial body

An orbital velocity is the velocity at which a body revolves around another body. The speed at which an object must travel at to stay in a stable orbit around a celestial body.

Perspex - positive - silk - colourless

Ebonite - negative - wool - dark colour

The larger bowling ball has a larger mass and therefore a larger gravitational pull. It also experiences more inertia, or tendency to resist motion. Its larger gravitational pull compensates for its larger inertia, and because it has the same size and shape as the smaller bowling ball, they will experience similar air resistance. They will land at the same time.

There is no atmosphere on the Moon, therefore meaning there is no air resistance. If there is no air resistance, the feather and hammer will not be affected and will fall to the ground at the same rate because there are no molecules opposing their motion.

Orbital velocity is the velocity at which a body revolves around another body. It is the speed at which an object must travel to stay in a stable orbit around a celestial body such as the Earth or Moon.

A perspex rod gains an overall positive charge when rubbed with silk, and is colourless.

An ebonite rod gains an overall negative charge when rubbed with wool. Dark colour.

Tension force is the force transmitted through a string, rope, etc when pulled tight by forces acting from opposite ends. Tension force is directed along the length of the wire and pulls equally on the objects at the ends of the wire.

Tension force is the force that goes through a string/rope etc when pulled tight by forces at opposite ends.

Tension force is the force distributed throughout a string/rope etc as a result of being pulled tight by forces on opposite ends. distribute

An orbittal vel

ocity is the velocity at which a body revolves around another body. The speed at which an object must travel to stay in a stable orbit around a celestial body.

Orbital velocity is the velocity with which an object revolves around another body. The speed at which a body must travel to stay in a stable orbit around a celestial body.

Orbital velocity is the velocity with which an object revolves around another object. The speed required for a body to travel to stay in a stable orbit around a celestial body

Static electricity is the buildup of electrical charge. Does not flow happens when two objects rub against each other, transferring electrons.

The hammer lands before the feather because even though they experience the same gravitational pull, the feather meets with more air resistance due to its shape and size.

Static electricity is the buildup of electric charge on a surface. Occurs when materials rub against each other, transferring electrons.

Tension force is the force distributed throughout a string when forces on opposite ends pull tightly. Directed along the length of the wire and pulls equally on both ends.

Tension force is the force distributed throughout a string/rope etc when pulled tightly by forces acting on opposite ends. Force is distributed throughout the rope and acts equally on objects at both ends.

Tension force is the force distributed along a string/rope etc when pulled tightly but forces acting on opposite ends. Tension is distributed throughout the length of the rop/string etc and acts equally on objects at either end.

Perspex is colourless and gains an overall positive charge when rubbed with silk.

Ebonite is dark in colour and gains an overall negative charge when rubbed with wool.

Tension force is the force distributed along an object when pulled tightly by forces acting on opposite ends

Magnetic fields go from the north poles into the south poles.

drag/fluid friction is the friction that opposes motion in a fluid until the motion is balanced out and replaced with terminal velocity. Depends on the speed, size, and shape of an object

When water and ice molecules rise during evaporation, they vibrate and knock off electrons, causing a charge divide in the cloud. The top is positive, the bottom is negative. With this, an electrical field is created too, with a similar charge divide. The negative bottom of the cloud becomes so strong that it repels the electrons in the ground, leaving it with a positive charge. The electric field serves as a conductor for the bottom of the cloud and ground to attract and meet, creating lightning.

Domain theory states that all objects contain regions made up of atoms called domains. In non magnetic materials, these domains are pointed in all different directions, cancelling out and are not able to align with a magnetic field. In ferromagnetic materials on the other hand, these domains are able to align with a magnetic field and create a magnet .this does not mean that all ferromagnetic materials are magnetic.

The law of electrostatics states that opposite charges attract, like charges repel. The size of an electrostatic charge between two objects is proportional to the product of the quantity of charge acting on them, and inversely proportional to the square distance between them.

The larger the distance, the weaker the force.

The universal law of gravitation states that there is a force of attraction between any two masses. This force is proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square distance between them. Written as f=Gm1m2 over d squared 

Types of magnets include

• Permanent magnets. Made of ferromagnetic materials. Retain their magnetism and field. Eg bar magnet

• Temporary magnets. Act like permanent magnets when in the presence of a strong magnet field, but lose magnetism when the field is removed, e.g electromagnet which can be switched on and off.

A ferromagnetic material (nickel iron cobalt) is one that can be magnetised by being in the presence of a magnetic field.

A magnet is a ferromagnetic material that has ALREADy been magnetised. produces its own magnetic field and attracts metallib objects such as iron nickel cobalt 

A domain is a region inside a ferromagnetic material that can align with a magnetic field.

Friction force is a retarding force meaning that it opposes motion and produces heat. Kinetic (dynamic) and static. Kinetic slows objects down as they move, static keeps stationary objects from moving.

Abiotic refers to the non living components of an ecosystem, for example, the dirt, sunlight

Biotic refers to the living components of an ecosystem, for example, a caterpillar, trees

Ecology is the study of the interactions between living organisms and their physical environment.

Not the study of living organisms

Ecology is the study of the interactions between living organisms with each other and their physical environment 

Ecology is the study of the interactions between living organisms with each other and their physical environment 

Ecology is the study of living organisms’ interactions with each other and their physical environment

• Individual organism

• Community (a group of organisms of the same species inhabiting an area)

• Population

• Ecosystem (an environment containing living organisms interacting with abiotic and biotic factors)

• Biosphere (the sum of all ecosystems on earth)

Mutualism is a relationship in which both species benefit

Mutualism is a relationship in which both species benefit

Ecology is the study of the interactions of living organisms with each other and their physical environment

Mutualism is a relationship in which both species benefit.

A population is a group of species that live in the same area at the same time

Organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

Individual organism

A population is a group of species that live in the same area at the same time

Mutualism is a relationship where both species benefit

A population is a group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time

Organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

Biosphere is the sum of all ecosystems on earth

A population is a group of organisms of the same species, living in the same area at the same time.

A community is a group of populations living in the same area, interacting with each other.

A population is a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area at the same time

A community is a group of populations living and interacting with each other in the same habitat.

What is the difference between a community and a population? Answer with a TEEL-structured paragraph. 

An ecological community and population are two concepts that are often confused with each other, however, are two distinctly different concepts.

An ecological population consists of organisms of the same species living with each other at the same time. For example, this may be a population of lorikeets.

An ecological community, on the other hand, is a group of populations that inhabit an area, living and interacting with one another. For example, this could be a grassland community.

A population is a group of organisms of the same species that inhabit the same area at the same time.

A community is a group of populations that live and interact with each other in an area

The biosphere is the sum of all Earth’s ecosystems

A community is a group of populations that live and interact with one another in the same area

An ecosystem is a biological community of organisms interacting with each other and their environment.

Ecology is the study of living organisms’ interactions with each other and their physical environment

Ecology is the study of organisms’ interactions with each other and their physical environment

A population is a group of organisms of the same species living together in the same place at the same time

A community is a group of populations that live and interact with each other in an area

An ecosystem is a biological community of living organisms that interact with each other and their physical, non living environment.

Opceb

Organism - population - community - ecosystem - biosphere

• Individual organism

• A population is a group of organisms of the same species that inhabit a particular area at the same time

• A community is a group of populations that live with and interact with each other in an area

• An ecosystem is a biological community of organisms that interact with each other and their physical environment (including the abiotic factors)

• A biosphere is the sum of all Earth’s ecosystems

A population is a group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time.

A community is a group of populations that inhabit a particular area and interact with each other.

An ecosystem is a biological community consisting of organisms that interact with each other and their physical environment 

The biosphere is the sum of all of earth’s ecosystems.ttr

Ecology is the study of organisms’ interactions with each other and their physical environment

Ecological organisation

• Individual organisms

• A population is a group of organisms that are the same species, living in  the same area at the same time

• A community is a group of populations that interact with each other in the same area

• An ecosystem is a biological community of organisms that interact with each other and their physical environment

• The biosphere is the sum of all of earths ecosystems

An ecological niche is the sum of a species’ interactions with their environment, enabling them to survive. Their usage of the abiotic and biotic resources.

For example, the ecological niche of an australian kookaburra may include their nest-building materials, nesting sites, the insects it eats, and the climatic conditions it needs to survive.

An ecological niche is the sum of a species’ usage of abiotic and biotic factors in its environment. Its interactions with its physical environment to survive. For example, an animal’s niche may include the animals and plants it eats, the climatic conditions it requires to survive, its habitat building materials, its habitat space…

An ecological niche is the sum of an animals usage of the abiotic and biotic factors in its environment; its usage of resources. An ecological niche basically encompasses everything it needs to survive, for example, the plants and animals it consumes, its habitat area, its habitat materials, the weather conditions it requires to survive… 

An ecological niche is a species’ usage of abiotic and biotic factors in its environment. The sum of its interactions with its environment

An ecological niche is the interactions an animal has with the abiotic and biotic factors of its environment

An ecological niche is all the interactions of an animal with the abiotic and biotic factors

An ecological niche is the sum of a species’ use of the abiotic and biotic components of its environment, the sum of its interactions with the a and b factors of its e

Abiotic - the non living components of an environment such as the dirt, sunlight, water

Biotic - the living components of an environment such as the plants, animals, fungi

Biomass is the total mass of organisms in a given population

Biomass is the total mass of organisms in a given population

Behavioural: the actions that enable an organism to better survive in its environment

structural : the physical features that enable an organism to better survive in its environment

Physiological: the processes within an organsim that enables it to better survive in its environment

Physiological: the processes within an organism that

Tension force is the force distributed along a rope/string as a result of being pulled tightly by forces acting on opposite ends. Tension runs along the length of the wire and acts equally on objects attached at both ends.

Static electricity is the buildup of electrical charge on an object’s surface. Happens when certain materials rub against each other, transferring electrons. Is NOT flowing!

Static electri

The reason why iron filings can be used to plot the direction of a magnetic field around a bar magnet is because it (iron) is a ferromagnetic material. Its domains align with the magnetic 

A force is a push, pull, or twist that is exerted upon an object as a result of its contact with another. 

Acceleration is the rate at which an object changes its velocity. Calculated as change in velocity over time.

Weight is the force with which an object is attracted to the earth. Calculated as the product of the object’s mass and acceleration due to gravity

Domain is a region in a ferromagnetic material that exerts a force 

Describe REABSORPTION in the nephron

One of the roles of the nephron is to reabsorb essential substances from the filtrate before it is excreted. This mainly occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule, with products such as water, amino acids, and electrolytes being reabsorbed into the surrounding fluid.

Describe SECRETION in the nephron

One of the roles of the nephron is to allow secretion to occur. Waste products, drugs, excess ions, and other substances are secreted into the nephron (mainly in the distal convoluted tubule) to be excreted with the urine.

Describe FILTRATION in the nephron

Filtration occurs in the renal corpuscle of the nephron, more specifically, the glomerulus, a capillary ball. Blood enters the glomerulus, and filtrate is forced from it into the bowman’s capsule due to high blood pressure. The filtered blood leaves the glomerulus. 

Describe OSMOREGULATION in the nephron

The nephrons osmoregulate to help the kidney maintain homeostasis, the balance among the body required for it to properly function. They do this by filtering blood, reabsorbing water and electrolytes, and excreting concentrated wastes (urine). The loop of Henle plays a big role in helping the nephron osmoregulate by allowing the excretion of urine and reabsorbing water./

The renal medulla is composed of renal pyramids cone shaped kidney tissue that contains collecting ducts and tubules, responsible for the concentration of urine by removing water.

The renal cortex is composed of renal corpuscles, main purpose is to filter blood and form urine. 

An adaptation is anything that allows the animal to better survive in its environment. 3 types: structural, behavioural, physiological.

Structural - a physical feature of an animal

Behaviour - an action of an animal

Physiological - a process occurring within the animal

Outline the levels of ecological organisation (5 marks)

• Individual organism

• Population - a group of organisms of the same species, living in the same area at the same time.

• Community - a group of populations that inhabit the same area, living and interacting with each other

• Ecosystem - a biological community of organisms interacting with each other and the physical environment

• Biosphere - the sum of all of Earth’s ecosystems.

An ecological niche is the interactions of an animal with the abiotic and biotic factors of its environment.

The sum of the animal’s usage of the a and b factors. Basically encompasses everything it needs to survive. The ecological niche for an australian kookaburra, for example, could include its nesting site, nest building materials, climatic conditions required, the insects and plants it eats.

Ecology is the scientific study of organisms’ interactions with each other and their physical environment. 

An environment is the surroundings in which an organism lives.

An environment is the surroundings in which an organism lives

A habitat is the natural home or environment of an organism.

An ecological niche is all the interactions of a living organism with the abiotic and biotic factors of their environment

An ecological niche is the sum of all an organisms use of the components of their environment. Basically a niche encompasses everything they require to survive. For example, it may include the animals and plants it consumes, the nesting site, the nest building materials, the climatic conditions, the location of water. .. 

Levels of ecological organisation:

• Organism, individual

• Population, a group of organisms of the same species that inhabit a particular area at the same time.

• Community, a group of populations that live and interact with each other in the area

• Ecosystem, a biological community where organisms interact with each other and their physical environment

• Biosphere, the sum of all Earth’s ecosystems

Ecology is the study of organisms’ interactions with each other and their natural environment.

Newton’s first law is the law of inertia. States that an object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay at that constant motion with the same velocity (speed and direction), unless acted upon by unbalanced forces.

Newton’s second law is the law of acceleration. States that when an unbalanced force is applied to a mass, this causes it to accelerate. The greater the force, the greater the accelerate. If force x is applied to an object with a larger mass, the acceleration will be weaker. If the sam force is applied to an object with a smaller mass, the acceleration will be stronger because of the formula, f=ma

Weight is force with which an object is attracted to the earth. Is equal to the product of mass and acceleration due to gravity (9.81m/ssquare)

Newton’s third law is the law of action and reaction. States that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

The three types of friction include

• Sliding. Occurs when a surface moves across another surface.

• Rolling. Occurs when a rolling body moves across a surface. The friction is significantly less than sliding.

• Fluid. Occurs either through objects in motion or when a solid moves through a fluid (gas or liquid). The thinner the fluid, the less friction there is, because it flows more easily. 

A normal/reaction force is the suport force exerted by a stable object on another object

Orbital velocity is the velocity with which an object revolves around another object. The speed at which a body must travel to stay in a stable orbit around a celestial body such as the earth or jupiter.

When bowling balls A and B are dropped from the same height, ball B has a greater mass, which gives it more inertia, or a greater tendency to resist changes in motion. However, it also experiences a stronger gravitational force because of its greater mass. This means that while ball B has more inertia, the increased gravitational force acting on it causes it to accelerate downwards at the same rate as ball A. As a result, both balls fall at the same rate and land at the same time.

4. Would an object with a greater mass fall and land faster than an object with a lesser mass on Earth when dropped from the same height? Why/why not?

It would depend on the size and shape of the objects.

Situation 1: A feather and a hammer. If a feather and hammer were dropped at the same height on Earth, the hammer would fall to the ground first because the feather meets with more air resistance due to its shape and size. 

Situation 2: Two bowling balls of the same shape and size but different masses are dropped on Earth. The heavier bowling ball is acted upon by more inertia due to its mass, the tendency to resist motion. However, it is acted upon by a stronger gravitational pull because of its mass. This gravitational pull compensates for its inertia, resulting in it falling downwards and landing at the same rate as the lighter bowling ball.

Polar orbiting satellites move from the north of earth to the south (the poles). Can be used to scan strips of the earth, like “spy”satellites

Geostationary satellites move around the earth from east to west. Moves at the same velocity as earth so that from the ground it looks like it is staying still.

A tension force is the force distributed along the length of a rope/wire/string when pulled tight by forces acting on opposite ends. The tension is directed along the wire and acts equally on objects at either end,

Domain theory states that all objects contain regions, which are made up of atoms, and they are called domains. In non magnetic objects, these domains are pointed randomly, cancelling each other out. In ferromagnetic materials however, they can be aligned with a magnetic field to magnetise the material.

Friction force is a retarding force that opposes motion and produces heat.

kinetic/dynamic friction is friction that slows motion down.

Static friction is friction that stops objects at rest from moving

Air resistance is a type of friction that occurs in the air.

Results from the particles of surfaces attracting each other and trying to cling onto each other.

A spring force is a force exerted by a compressed or stretched string on an attache dobject. The object is constantly being acted upon by a force trying to restore it to its rest/equlibrium position. For most springs the size of the friction force is proportional to the amount of stretch or compression int eh spring.

Drag is a type of fluid friction that opposes objects travelling through a fluid. Depends on the size shape and speed of the object, NOT The mass . That is TERMINAL VLEOCITy. It increases to balance the force until terminal velocity is reached.

A charged object will always attract a neutral object. 

A magnet is an object that has a magnetic field and attracts metallic objects composed of iron nickel cobalt

Permanent magnets are made up of ferromagnetic materials and retain their field and magnetism. Eg a bar magnet

Temporary magnets behave like permanent magnets when in the presence of a magnetic field but when it is taken away they lose their magnetic properties. Eg an electromagnet can be turned on and off

The universal law of gravitation states that any two objects will experience an attractive force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square distance between them.

F = Gm1m2 over dsquared

Contact : friction, tension, spring, normal/reaction

Non contact : gravitational, magnetic, electric/electrostatic

Air resistance is a type of drag that occurs in the air. Drag is a type of fluid friction.

Weight force is the force with which an object is attracted to the earth. Equal to the product of an objects mass and the acceleration due to gravity.

gravity/gravitational force is the attractive force between any two objects. The force that moves objects towards the centre of a celestial body.

Static electricity is the buildup of electrical charge on the surface of an object. Occurs when certain materials are rubbed together, transferring electrons.

Iron cobalt and nickel will all experience a force in a magnetic field.

A field is an area that exerts a force

An electric field is a 3d space in which a charged particle feels a force

An electric field is a 3d space in which a charged particle experiences a force.

A heavier object will have a higher terminal velocity. This is because it will experience a greater gravitational force and will require more drag to balance it out at terminal velocity, which can only be achieved at higher speeds.

Friction can be inceased by increasing mass, shape, size, speed, making the material rougher so there is more surface area and more attractive forces occur, 

Friction can be descreased by decreasing mass, shape, size, speed, smoothing the material to decrease surface area, using lubricants that form a layer over the irregularities

Air resistance is a type of drag that occurs in the air. Drag is a type of fluid friction that balances weight force due to gravity until 

Acceleration is the rate at which can object changes its velocity. Calculated as change in velocity over time. Acceleration can occur when speeding up, slowing down (deceleration), and turning (change in direction)

Force is a vector quantity meaning that it needs magnitude (size), units, and direction to be expressed

The arms of a compass act as miniature magnets, aligning themselves along with the direction of the magnet. 

Iron filings can be used to show the shape and intensity of the magnetic field, and a compass can be used to show its direction.

A force is a pull, push, or twist that is exerted on an object due to its contact with another. 

Non contact - gravitational, magnetic, electric/electrostatic 

Contact - friction, tension, spring, reaction/normal

A heavy object wil

Perspex - positive - colourless - silk

Ebonite - negative - dark - wool

Law of electrostatics state that opposites attract and negatives repel. Also, the size of an electric charge between two objects is proportional to the product of the charges acting on them and inversely proportional to the square distance between them

The universal law of gravitation states that any two objects wil experience a force of attraction to on another. This attraction increases as they become closer and decreases are the are further apart. The larger the objects, the larger the attraction.

F = gm1m2/dsquared

The force of attraction between two masses is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the distance between them.

An electromagnet works by flowing a current through a wire, giving it its own magnetic field. The wire is wrapped around an iron core, creating circles of magnetic field around it. The magnetic fields overlap due to the coil shape, concentrating the strength. The iron is a ferromagnetic material, and will align its domains with the magnetic field of the wire, producing an electromagnet that can be turned on and off.

This electromagnetic can be strengthened by

• Increasing the current flowing through the wire

• Using a core with larger amounts of iron

• Looping the wire around more tightly to increase surface area of the magnetic field.

1. Permanent magnets are made of ferromagnetic materials; iron, nickel, cobal, and have their own field. They retain their magnetism even when not in the presence of a magnetic field. E.g, bar magnet

2. Temporary magnets behave like permanent magnets in the presence of a magnetic field. However, once it is taken away, it will lost its magnetic properties. E.g, electromagnet

A domain is a region that aligns with a magnetic field.

A magnet is an object that has its own magnetic field, attracting metallic objects made of iron, cobalt, or nickel

Force - push, pull or twist (that is exerted upon an object due to its interaction with another)

Acceleration - rate at which an object changes its velocity

Mass - the amount of matter an object contains

Weight - the force with which an object is attracted to the Earth. Equal to the product of the object’s mass and acceleration due to gravity

Domain - a region in a ferromagnetic material that can align with a magnetic field.

Satellite - A CELESTIAL BODY OR ARTIFICIAL OBJECT THAT ORBITS A PLANET

Field - an area around an object in which a force is exerted

Contact force - A force requiring objects to be in direct contact to occur

Non contact force - a force that does not require objects to be in direct contact to occur

Electrostatic - relating to stationary ELECTRIC charges and field

Magnet - an object that has a magnetic field and attracts metallic objects made of iron, nickel, or cobalt

Newton - the unit for force

Friction - A retarding force that opposes motion and prduces heat.

Electromagnet - A magnet made with electricity 

Gravity - The force that moves objects to the centre of a celestial body. The force of attraction between any two masses.

Charging by induction - no touching

A charged particle will attract a neutral on

Magnetic fields go from the north into the south. North - red, south - black or blue

Drag is a type of fluid friction that balances out weight force due to gravity until terminal velocity is reached. Drag is determined by shape, size, and speed, NOT mass.

A spring force is a force that is exerted by a compressed or stretched spring on an attached object. The attached object is constantly being acted upon by a force trying to restore it to its equilibrium/rest position. The size of the spring force is proportional to the size of the stretch/compression of the spring.

A friction force is a retarding contact force that occurs when surfaces slide/roll/move past each other. Two types include kinetc/dynamic, and static. kinetic/dynamic slows down moving objects, while static prevents objects at rest from moving. Air resistance is a friction that occurs in the air. Results from the attractive particles of the surfaces of objects trying to grab onto each other.

Domain theory states that all objects contain little regions of atoms called domains. In non-magnetic materials, these regions are pointed in all different directions, cancelling each other out. In ferromagnetic materials, however, these domains can align, turning the material into a magnet with its own magnetic field. But this does not mean all ferromagnetic materials are magnets.

Tension force is a force that is distributed along the length of a rope/string/wire when pulled tight by forces on opposite ends. The force is directed along the wire and exerts equal forces on the objects at either end.

Types of satellites-

Polar orbiting - goes from north to south (poles) and can scan strips of the earth, such as spy satellites.

Geostationary - goes from east to west and moves at the same speed as earth’s rotation, so that from the ground, it looks like it is staying in the same place.

Mass is a scalar quantity, meaning that it can be fully expressed with magnitude only 

A feather and hammer would fall at the same time because there is no atmosphere on the Moon, meaning no air resistance. The moon’s gravity, although weak, would pull them down at the same rate and they would land at the same rate because there is no air resistance, and the gravitational pull for a celestial body is the same for all objects on it

Orbital velocity is the velocity at which an object revolves around another object. The speed at which an object must travel to remain in a stable orbit around a CELESTIAL body.

A normal/reaction force is the support force exerted by an object on another stable object in contact with it.

3 types of friction:

• Sliding - occurs when a surface moves past another surface

• Rolling - occurs when a rolling body rolls over an object. Less than sliding

• Fluid - occurs when fluids are in motion OR when an object moves in a fluid (gas or liquid). Thinner fluids flow more easily = less friction.

• (static)

Newton’s first law is the law of inertia. (Inertia is an object’s tendency to resist motion. An object that is at rest will stay at rest, and an object that is in motion will keep moving with the same velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced force.

Newton’s second law is the law of acceleration. When force is applied to a specific mass, this will cause it to accelerate. The larger the force, the larger the acceleration. If the same force is applied to a heavy and smaller mass, the heavier mass will experience less acceleration while the smaller mass will experience more. F=ma where f=force, m=mass, and a=acceleration due to gravity 9.81m per second per second 

The closer the magnetic field lines, the stronger the magnetic field.

An electric field is a 3d region of space in which a charged particle experiences a force. + into =

Static electricity is a buildup of electrical charges on the surface of an object. Caused by rubbing certain materials with each other, transferring electrons. Not flowing. The force is called electrostatics

Weight force is the force with which an object is attracted to the earth, a measure of the gravitational force’s effect on an object. Gravitational force IS the force attracting the object to the earth, or the centre of a celestial body. Force of attraction between any two masses. Weight force is a specific example of gravitational force 

The heavier an object is, the stronger its gravitational pull, the larger the drag needed to act on it, which can only be achieved at higher speeds, so it has a higher general terminal velocity usually.

An electric field is a 3d region around an object that exerts a force on charged particles. The field goes from the protons into the electrons

A friction force is a retarding force that opposes motion and produces heat. There are 2 forms of friction: kinetic/dynamic and static. Kinetic friction slows moving objects down. Static friction prevents objetcs at rest from moving.

Domain theory states that objects contain regions of atoms called domains. In non magnetic materials these domains are pointed in all directions, cancelling each other, and cannot be aligned. In ferormagnetic materials, however, the domains can be aligned, magnetising the material and giving it a magnetic field. However, this does not all ferromagnet materials are magnets.

Tension force is a force that is distributed along a string/rope/wire as a result of being pulled tightly by forces acting on both ends. The force is directed along the length of the wire and pulls equally on objects at either end.

Polarorbitting north south, and geostationary east west

Mass is a scalar quantity. Can be expressed fully with just magnitude (size) SI UNITS

Magnet - object with a magnetic field that attracts metallic objects composed of iron, nickel, and cobalt. 

Law of electrostatics state that opposite charges attract and like charges repel. The electric charge between two objects is directly proportional to the product of the amount of charge acting on each object and inversely proportional to the square distance between them

Drag force is the force that acts against weight force until it balances it, reaching terminal velocity. It is a type of fluid friction (friction that occurs between fluids in motion or an object moving through a fluid).

A spring force is the force exerted by a compressed or stretched spring on an attached object. The object is constantly being acted on by a force trying to restore it to its equilibrium or rest position. The size of the spring force is proportional to the size of compression or stretch of the spring. Hookes law

Orbital velocity is the velocity with which an object revolves around another. The speed required for a body to stay in a stable orbit around a celestial body

A satellite is a celestial body or artificial object that orbits a planet

Electrostatic - relating to stationary electric charges or fields.

Weight force is the force with which an object is attracted to the earth, while gravitational force is the attractive force that moves objects to the centre of celestial bodies. Weight force is a specific instance of gravity.

Gravity is the attractive force between any two masses that moves objects to the centre of a celestial body. 

A satellite is a celestial or artificial object that orbits a planet

Electrostatic relates to stationary electric charges and fields

An electromagnet works by flowing a current through a wire, giving it a magnetic field. This wire is wrapped around an iron core, overlapping the fields and strengthening them, creating circles around the wire. This aligns the domains of the iron core to the strong magnetic field, magnetising it and creating an electromagnet. The electromagnet can be strengthened by:

• Wrapping wire tightly

• Increasing current flowing through

• Using a stronger, more concentrated iron core

The law of universal gravitation states that any objects with mass will experience a force of attraction. This is proportional to the product of the products’ masses and inversely proportional to the square distance between them.

F = gm1m2 over dsquared

A magnetic field is a 3d area in which metallic objects will experience a force.

An object with a larger mass will experience a stronger gravitational pull, requiring a larger drag force to balance it, which can only be achieved at higher speeds. Therefore, a larger mass will have  a higher velocity

Electric field is a field that  exerts a force on a charged particle

Air resistance is a type of drag that occurs in the air, and drag is a type of fluid friction that balances out weight force. 

Friction can be increased by 

• Increasing mass

• Increasing surface area

• Increasing speed

• Rougher surfaces (surface area)

Friction can be decreased by doing the opposite of the above.

Acceleration  is the rate at which an object changes its velocity. Can be calculated as change in velocity over time. Includes increasing speed, slowing down, changing direction.

A force is a push, pull, or twist exerted upon an object as a result of its contact with another.

Non contact: electric/electrostatic, magnetic, gravitational.

Contact: friction, normal/reaction, tension, spring

Permanent magnets are made of ferromagnetic materials (iron, cobalt, nickel) and have a magnetic field. They retain their magnetic properties. Eg bar magnet

Temporary magnets behave like permanent magnets when within a strong magnetic field, but lose their properties when it is taken away. Eg electromagnet. 

3 types of adaptations:

• Behaviourial - an action that enables an organism to better survive in its environment.

• Structural - a physical feature that enables an organism to better survive in its environment

• Physiological - a process occurring within an organism that enables it to better survive in its environment.

Levels of ecological organisation:

• Organism (individual)

• Population - a group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time.

• Community - a group of populations living in an environment and interacting with each other.

• Ecosystem - a biological community in which organisms interact with each other and the abiotic components of their environment.

• BIOSPHERE - the sum of all earths ecosystems.

A habitat is the natural home or environment of an organism.

An environment is the surroundings in which an organism lives in. 

A habitat is a particular part of an environment.

A ecological niche is the sum of all of an organisms interactions with its environment. An organism’s total usage of the abiotic and biotic factors of its environment. Basically encompasses everything the organism needs to survive.

Ecology is the scientific study of organisms interactions with each other and their environment

A spiked metal comb at the bottom of the generator is given a positive charge by a power charge. A pulley drives an insulated belt around, and the electrons of the belt are pulled off by the comb, leaving it positive. Another metal comb at the top of the generator spreads the net positive charge around the dome.

Newton’s third law is the law of action and reaction. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. For example, the action is your finger pressing against the phone screen, and the reaction is the phone screen pressing back on your finger.

Acceleration is the rate at which an object changes its velocity. Can be calculated as the change in velocity over time. Acceleration occurs when an object speeds up, slow down (deceleration), or changes direction.

Air resistance is a type of drag that occurs in the air. Drag is a type of fluid friction that opposes motion until terminal velocity is achieved.

An electric field is a 3d region in which a charged particle/object experiences a force. From pos into neg

The larger the mass of an object, the stronger its gravitational pull.  The stronger the gravitational pull, the larger the drag needed to balance this, which can only be achieved at high speeds.

A magnet is an object that produces a magnetic field attracting metallic objects composed of iron nickel cobalt.

Electrostatic - relating to stationary electric charges or fields.

The universal law of gravitation states that all objects experience a force of attraction, and that this force of attraction is proportional to the product of the masses of the objects, and inversely proportional to the square distance between them. 

F = gm1m2 over dsquared.

An electromagnet works by flowing a current through a wire, giving it a magnetic field. The wire is wrapped around an iron core. The magnetic fields overlap and create circles around the wire, strengthening and concentrating. The domains of the iron core align themselves to the magnetic field of the wire, producing an electromagnet. This can be strengthened by:

• Looping the wire around even more tightly

• Using a stronger iron core.

• Increasing the current flow in the wire.

A force is a push, pull, or twist exerted upon an object as a result of its interaction with another object. There are two major types of forces: non contact and contact. Contact forces require objects to be directly in contact to occur and include tension, friction, normal/reaction, and spring forces. Non-contact forces, on the other hand, do not require objects to be in direct contact to occur. Includes gravitational, magnetic, and electric/electrostatic. 

A compass can show the direction of the magnetic field as its north pole is attracted the south pole of the magnet, following the lines of the magnetic field.

Iron filings can be used to show the shape of a magnetic field, while a compass shows the direction.

Gravity is a force of attraction between any two masses that moves objects toward the centre of a celestial body such as the earth of the moon.

A normal/reaction force is the support force exerted by a stable object upon another object in contact with it.

A domain is a region in a ferromagnetic material that can be aligned with a field.

Weight force is the force with which an object is attracted to the earth, while gravity is the force that moves the object to the centre of that celestial body. Weight force is a specific instance of gravitational force.

Orbital velocity is the velocity with which an object revolves around another object. The speed at which an object must travel to stay in a stable orbit around a celestial body.

A satellite is a celestial body such as the moon or an artificial object that revolves around a planet.

Static electricity is the buildup of charge on the surface of an object. Occurs when certain materials are rubbed together. The electric charge between two objects is proportional to the product of amount of charge acting on them and inversely proportional to the square distance between them. Isnt flowiinggg 

When a skydiver jumps from a plane, the only force acting upon her is gravity. As she falls, her drag force increases and tries to balance her weight force. When it does, it reaches terminal velocity, a constant speed.

Sliidng friction - when an object moves across a surface

Rolling friction - when a rolling body moves across a surface.

Fluid friction - when an object moves through a fluid or caused by fluids in motion. A fluid is a liquid or gas. The thinner the fluid, the more easily it flows, therefore the less friction.

The heavier object has a stronger gravitational pull but also a more inertia (tendency to resist motion), therefore these factors cancel it out and it will fall and land at the same time as the light bowling ball.

Domain theory states that all objects contain regions of atoms called domains. In non magnetic materials, these domains are randomly positioned, cancelling out, and are not able to be aligned. In ferromgnetic materials however, they can align with a field. This does not mean that all ferromagnetic materials are magnetic.

Tension force is a force distributed along a wire/rope/string when pulled tight by forces at opposite ends. The force is directed along the length of the wire and exerts equal forces on objects at either end.

A spring force is a force exerted by a stretched or compressed spring upon an object the object is constantly being acted upon by a force trying to restore it to its equilibrium or rest position. The size of the force is proportional to the size of stretch or decompression.

A friction force is a retarding force that opposes motion and produces heat. Kinetic/dynamic slows a moving object down, static friction stops an object at rest from moving. 

drag/fluid friction speed shape size

Permanent magnets are made up of metallic materials such as iron, nickel, or cobalt. Retain magnetic properties and field eg bar magnet.

A temporary magnet behaves like a permanent magnet when in the presence of a strong magnetic field, but loses magnetism when the field is removed. Eg electromagnet 

Types of magnets include:

• Permanent magnets are made of ferromagnetic materials and have a magnetic field. Retain their magnetic properties even when not in the presence of a field. E.g, bar magnet

• Temporary magnets behave like permanent magnets in the presence of a magnetic field. However, once this is taken away, it loses its magnetism. E.g, electromagnet which can be turned on and off.

Law of electrostatics state that opposite charge attract and like charges repel. The amount of electrical force between two objects is proportional to the product of the masses acting on each object, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. 

A feather and hammer would land at the same time on the Moon because it has no atmosphere and therefore no air resistance. The Moon has gravity, even if significantly weaker than Earth’s, and this gravity pulls that towards the centre at the same rate. 

Charging by induction and charging b

Iron filings are made of iron, which are ferromagnetic materials. The domains in these align themselves to the magnetic field of the magnet, showing the direction of the field.

Mass is the amount of matter an object contains. It is measured in kilograms and stays the same no matter where the object is in space.

Weight is a force, and is the force with which an object is attracted to the Earth. It is measured in Newtons and changes depending on where it is in space. It can be calculated using the formula w=mg where m is the mass of the object and g is the acceleration due to gravity.

Force is a vector quantity, meaning that it needs MUD to be expressed: magnitude, units, and direction. Magnitude is represented with the length of the arrow, units are represented with the N, and direction is the direction of the arrow.

Newton’s first law is the law of inertia. (inertia is an object’s tendency to resist motion.) it states that all objects that are not moving, or at rest, will stay at rest, and that all objects in motion will stay in motion with the same velocity (speed and direction) unless acted upon by an unbalanced, external force. 

A domain is a region in a ferromagnetic material that can be aligned with a field. In non magnetic materials, the domains cannot be aligned and are randomly directioned.

A normal/reaction force is the support force exerted by an object in contact with another stable object.

Gravity is the force of attraction between any two masses that moves objects towards the centres of celestial objects such as the Earth and Moon. acceleration due to gravity on earth is around 9.81 metres per second squared.

Iron filings can be used to show the shape of a magnetic field, and a compass can be used to show the direction.

The compass acts as a small magnet. The north pole points to the south pole of the magnet, and therefore shows the direction.

A force is a push, pull, or twist that is exerted upon an object due to its interaction with another. There are two main categories of forces: contact and non-contact. Contact forces require the bodies to be in direct contact with another to exert a push, pull, or twist. Examples include normal/reaction, friction, tension, and spring. Non contact forces do not require bodies to be in direct contact with ecah other to occur. Examples include gravitational, electric/electrostatic, and magnetic.

An electromagnet works by flowing a current through a wire (insulated, copper?) This wire gains its own magnetic field. It is then wrapped around an iron core, overlapping the magnetic fields and creating a circle around the wire. The iron core aligns itself to the magnetic field around it, producing an electromagnet. This electromagnet can be strengthened by:

• Increasing the current flow through the wire.

• Using a stronger iron core.

• Looping the wire more tightly around the core.

The universal law of gravitation states that any two masses will experience a force of attraction, and that this is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square distance between them. This can be represented by:

Mass affects terminal velocity because the more an object weighs, the larger its weight force. It will need a larger drag force to balance out its weight force at terminal velocity, which can only be achieved at high speeds (the larger drag force.)

An electric field is a 3rd region in which a charged particle experiences a force. From positive into negative. For example, when you rub a balloon against your hair, your hair loses electrons. The balloon gains an overall negative charge, while the hair gains an overall positive charge. These attract.

Electrostatic - relating to stationary ELECTRIC fields or charges.

Acceleration is the rate at which an object changes its velocity. This is calculated by change in velocity over time. This may include speeding up, slowing down (deceleration), and changing direction.

Friction can be INCREASED by

• Increasing mass

• Increasing surface area (by making it more rough, there are more irregularities that can interlock)

• Increasing speed

Friction can be decreased by doing the opposite of the above.

Domain theory states that all object contain regions of atoms called domains. In non magnetic materials, these domains are not aligned and point in all different directions, cancelling out and overall having no magnetism. In a ferromagnetic material, however, these domains can be aligned so that the material becomes a magnet.

If these bowling balls were to be dropped from the same height, although A has a larger mass and will have a stronger gravitational force, it also has a stronger inertia, or tendency to resist motion. These factors will ‘cancel out’ each other, so A will land at the same time as B if air resistance is the same for both objects.

Air resistance is affected by speed, size, and shape, NOT terminal velocity. That is mass.

There are two types of satellites:

• Polar-orbitting go from north to south and can scan strips of the Earth as it spins.

• Geostationary go from east to west and move with the Earth, so they look ‘stationary’ from the ground.

Orbital velocity is the velocity at which an object revolves around a body. The speed at which the object must travel around a body to stay in a stable orbit.

A satellite is an artificial object or celestial body that orbits a planet.

Static electricity is the buildup of charge on the surface of an object. The electricity is not flowing. Occurs as a result of rubbing certain materials together, transferring electrons.

Electrostatic - relating to stationary electric charges or fields.

Perspex gains an overall positive charge when rubbed with silk. Colourless.

Ebonite gains an overall negative charge when rubbed with wool. Dark in colour.

Charging by induction - move close.

Charging by contact - direct touch.

Mass is a scalar quantity, meaning it only needs magnitude to be expressed.

A spring force is a force exerted by a compressed or stretched spring upon an attached object. This object is constantly being acted upon by a force trying to restore it to its equilibrium or rest position. The sprng force size is proportional to the size of stretch or compression.

Newton’s second law is the law of acceleration. States that when a force is applied to an mass, this will cause it to acceleratd. f=ma. The larger the force, the larger the acceleration. If the same force is applied to a large and small mass, the large mass will experience little acceleration, the small mass will experience lots of acceleration.

A tension force is a force that is directed along the length of a wire/string/rope as a result of forces acting on opposite ends. This force pulls equally on objects at both ends.

3 types of friction

• Sliding friction occurs when an object moves across another.

• Rolling friction occurs when a rolling body rolls across an object. Less friction than sliding. 

• Fluid friction occurs when an object passes througth a fluid or between fluids in motion. The thinner the fluid, the more easily it flows, and the less friction there is.  A fluid is a liquid or gas.

Weight force is the force with which an object is attracted to the earth. Calculated with w=mg, where m is the mass and g is the acceleration due to gravity. Gravitational force, on the other hand, is the force of attraction between any two objects that moves objects to the centre of celestial bodies. Weight force is a specific instance of gravity.

Friction force is a retarding force that opposes motion and produces heat. A result of the particles on surfaces being attracted to each other and stick to one another. kinetic/dynamic and static. kinetic/dynamic slows an object in motion down, while static stops an object at rest from moving. Air resistance is a type of friction that occurs in the air. 

Drag is a type of fluid friction that opposes motion until it is balanced out and a constant velocity is achieved, also known as terminal velocity. Dependent on speed, shape, and size. NOT MASS, that it terminal velocity.

Electrostatic - relating to stationary electric charges or fields.

A van de graff generator works by a metal comb at the bottom being given a charge by a power supply. For this example, let’s say it is given a positive charge. A pulley pulls an insulated belt around, and this belt’s electrons are attracted to the comb at the bottom, giving it an overall positive charge. This positive charge is spread to the dome at the top by another metal comb.

Newton’s third law of motion is the law of action and reaction. For every action, there is an equal and opposite REaction.

Air resistance is a type of drag that occurs in the air. Drag is a type of fluid friction.

Conduction is heat transfer by direct contact. Convection is heat transfer within fluids. Radiation is heat transfer with waves, usually has a light source.

Producers, consumers, and decomposers.

Producers are autotrophic organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Serve as a source of food for other organisms. E.g, plants

Consumers are heterotrophic organisms that eat other organisms. E.g, animals

Decomposers are consumer organisms that obtain energy by breaking down dead or decaying organisms. E.g, bacteria and fungi.

Producers consumers and decomposers.

Energy enters the ecosystem as solar energy. Plants convert it to chemical energy, which is then transferred to organisms. 

Energy enters the ecosystem as solar energy. Plants convert this to chemical energy via photosynthesis. This chemical energy is transferred to other animals.

Conduction = heat transfer through direct contact

Convection = heat transfer WITHIN FLUIDS

Radiation = heat transfer through waves. Usually involves a light source

As a skydiver jumps out of a plane, the only force acting upon her is gravity. She starts to accelerate at a rate of 9.81 metres per second squared, and her weight force is met with drag force acting in the opposite direction. This drag force depends on her size, shape, and speed. The drag force increases until it balances her weight force, and terminal velocity is achieved.

Air resistance is a type of drag force that occurs in the air. Drag force is a type of fluid friction that resists movement of objects and depends on shape, size, and speed. Fluid friction is the friction that occurs as an object moves through a fluid or between fluids in motion.

Lightning - as water particles in clouds rise, they vibrate and knock off electrons, causing a charge separation in the cloud; negative lower half, positive upper half. This creates a field for the cloud, and this also has a similar charge separation. The negative half of the cloud grows so strong that it repels the electrons from the ground, leaving it positive. These attract and the field serves as a conductor for the charges to meet. This is lightning.

Newton’s third law is the law of action and reaction. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. For example, the action is your finger pressing the phone screen, and the reaction is the phone screen pressing back against your finger.

A van de graff works as a metal comb in the lower half is given a power supply by a source, for example, it may be positive. A pulley pulls an insulated belt around inside the generator. The electrons of this belt are attracted to the metal comb and leave, causing it to be mostly positive. This positive net charge is spread to the dome by a second pointed metal comb.

An electric field is a 3d region in which a charged particle experiences a force. Goes from positive into negative.

Weight force is the force with which an object is attracted to the earth. Calculated as the product of mass and acceleration due to gravity.

Gravitational force is the force of attraction between any two objects with mass that moves objects to the centres of celestial bodies such as the Earth and moon. 

Weight force is a specific instance of gravitational force. WF = force exerted upon an object due to GF

3 main types of friction:

• Sliding friction occurs when an object moves across another.

• Rolling friction occurs when a rolling body moves across a solid.

• Fluid friction occurs when an object moves through a fluid or because of fluids in motion. A fluid is a liquid or gas. The thinner the fluid, the more easily it moves, and the less the friction.

Tension force is the force distributed along the length of a rope/string wire as a result of being pulled tight by forces acting on opposite ends. Tension force acts equally upon both these forces.

Newton’s second law is the law of acceleration. States that when a force is applied to a specific mass, it will experience acceleration. The larger the force, the larger the acceleration. If the same mass is applied to a light and heavy mass, the light mass will accelerate more than the heavy.

A spring force is a force that is exerted by a compressed or stretched string upon a connected object. This object is constantly being acted upon by a force trying to restore it to its equilibrium or rest position. The size of the spring force is proportional to the amount of compression or stretch the string has.

Mass is a scalar quantity, so it can be fully expressed with magnitude.

Charging by induction: no contact. A charged object will exert a force on a neutral object. For example, if there is a negative rod and neutral ball, the electrons of the rod will force the electrons of the ball to the other side. The positive side will be attracted to the negative rod, thus, the rod exerts an attractive force on the ball.

Charging by contact: yes contact.

Perspex is a colourless material that gains an overall positive charge when rubbed with silk.

Ebonite is a dark coloured material that gains an overall negative charge when rubbed with wool.

Static electricity is the buildup of charge on the surface of an object. Not flowing, so it is called electrostatics. Electrostatics - relating to stationary electric charges or fields.

drag is a type of fluid friction that opposes motion until force is balanced out to reach terminal velocity.

Orbital velocity is the velocity with which an object revolves around another. The speed with which a body must travel at to stable in a stable orbit around a CELESTIAL BODY

Polar orbiting - north to south. Can scan strips of the earth.

Geostationary - east to west. Moves with the earth so from the ground, it looks stationary.

Domain theory states that all ob

Acceleration is the rate at which an object changes its velocity. Calculated as the change in velocity over time.

The larger the shape, the higher the velocity. This is because a larger shape will require more drag force to balance it out. This large drag force can only be achieved at higher speeds, which results in a higher terminal velocity.

A magnet is a material capable of producing its own magnetic field that can attract metallic objects composed of iron, cobalt, and nickel.

The universal law of attraction states that any two masses will experience a force of attraction, and that this is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square distance between them.

An electromagnet works by flowing a current through a wire, giving it a magnetic field. This wire is looped around an iron core, which overlaps the fields, strengthening them, and creates a circle around the wire. The domains of the iron core are forced to align with the field, producing an electromagnet. This electromagnet can be strengthened by:

• Increasing the current flow through the wire

• Using a stronger iron core

• Looping the wire more tightly, concentrating the fields.

A force is a push, pull, or twist that is exerted upon an object as a result of its interaction with another. There are contact and non contact. Contact include normal/reaction, tension, spring, and friction, while non contact include gravitational, magnetic, and electric.

A compass shows the direction of the field because it is basically a small magnet. The magnet is aligned with the magnetic field of the magnet, and the compass’snorth pole points towards the south pole of the magnet, showing the drecion. 

Compass can be used to show direction, and iron filings can be used to show shape.

Gravity is an attractive force between all objects that moves them to the centres of celestial bodies such as the moon and earth.

A normal/reaction force is the support force exerted by an object upon another stable object in contact with it.

Newton’s first law is the law of inertia (tendency of an object to resist motion). States that all objects that are not moving or at rest, will stay at rest, and all objects in motion will continue to move with constant velocity (direction and speed), unless acted upon by an external, unbalanced force.

Force is a vector quantity, meaning that it needs magnitude, units, and direction to be expressed.

Mass is the amount of matter an object contains. It stays constant no matter where you are. Measured using kilograms.

Weight is a measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object. It changes depending on where you are in space. Measured using Newtons and is found in the formula w=mg. 

Irons filings align their domains to the magnetic field of a magnet, showing the shape.

Type of magnets:

• Permanent magnets are made of ferromagnetic materials and retain their magnetism even when not in the presence of a magnetic field. For example, a bar magnet.

• Temporary magnets behave like permanent magnets when in the presence of a magnetic field, but once this is lost, stop. Can be switched on and off. For example, an electromagnet.

Electrostatic - relating to stationary electric charges OR fields.

Law of electrostatics state that

• Like charges repel

• Opposite charge attract

• The amount of electric force between two objects is proportional to the product of the charges acting on both and inversely proportional to the square distance between them.

Conduction = transfer of heat through direct contact

Electrostatic - relating to stationary electric charges or fields

Mass is the amount of matter an object contains. Kilograms. Stays the same

Weight is the force with which an object is attracted to the centre of a celestial body.

Orbittal velocity - the velocity at which an object revolves around another. The speed at which a body must travel to stay in a stable orbit around a celestial body.

The law of electrostatics state that opposite charges attract, like repel. The amount of electric force between two charged objects is proportional to the amount of charge acting upon them, and inversely proportional to the square distance between them.

Permanent magnets - are made of ferromagnetic materials (iron, cobalt, nickel). Produces their own magnetic field. Retains magnetism when not in the presence of a field, e.g, bar magnet.

Temporary magnets - behave like permanent magnets when in the presence of a magnetic field. Lose magnetism once this disappears. E.g electromagnet.

There is no atmosphere on the moon and therefore no air resistance, so the objects

Static electricity is caused by unbalanced charge on the surface of an objects. Happens when certian materials are rubbed together, transferring electrons. Electricity is not flowing, that is why it is called electrostatics.

Drag is a type of fluid friction that opposes objects’ motion and starts to balance it out until terminal velocity is achieved. Fluid friction is any friction that occurs within fluids.

Convection = transfer of heat through fluids (air and gas)

Radiation = transfer of heat through waves, usually includes a light source.

Orbital velocity is the velocity at which an object revolves around another object.

The speed at which a body must travel to stay in a stable orbit around a celestial body.

A satellite is an artificial or celestial object that orbits a planet.

Mass is the measure of matter in an object.

Weight is the measure of gravitational force acting upon an object.

Electrostatic - relating to stationary electric charges or fields.

Perspex is colourless and gains an overall positive charge when rubbed with silk. 

Ebonite is dark in colour and gains an overall negative charge when rubbed with wool

Spring force - force exerted by a compressed or stretched spring upon an attached object. This object is constantly being acted upon by a force trying to restore it to its equilibrium position. The size of the force is proportionate to the size of the stretch or compression of the spring.

Fluid friction is a type of friction that occurs when an object moves through a fluid or fluids in motion. Drag is a type of fluid friction that opposes motion. Air resistance is a type of drag that occurs in air.

Gravity is a force of attraction that moves objects to the centres of celestial objects. 

Law of acceleration. When a force is applied to a mass, this causes it to accelerate. f=ma 

A force is a push, pull, or twist that is exerted upon an object as a result of its contact with another.

Non contact - gravitational, electri/electrostatic, and magnetic.

Contact - friction, normal/reaction, spring, tension

Any two masses will experience an attractive force. This force is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square distance between them.

Biomass is used to make a pyramid shape because it accounts for size. For example, one tree may provide for 500 beetles, which may provide for 5 birds. However, this does not show a pyramid shape. On the other hand, if the biomass is taken into consideration, then the single tree will be heavier than the 500 beetles, and so on, creating a pyramid.

Producers - autotrophic organisms that produce their own food via photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Serve as food source for consumers. E.g, plant.

Consumers - heterotrophic organisms that consume food created by other organisms or the organisms themselves. E.g animal

Decomposer - organisms that obtain their energy by breaking down dead or decaying organisms. E.g, fungi and bacteria.

Sun is the primary source of energy in an ecosystem. Enters the ecosystem as solar energy, plants photosynthesise this into chemical energy. Herbivores eat plants, transfers energy

Structural  - physical feature

Behavioural - action

Physiological - process occurring within