Untitled Flashcards Set

Maslows

Implications for health care professions

Physiological needs: breathing, food, water, sleep, homeostasis, excretion

Provide adequate oxygen, food, fluids, sleep, temperature, elimination

Sensory needs: hearing, seeing, feeling, taste, mental stimulation

Motor needs: muscular stimulation, prevention of atrophy

Safety and security needs: security of body, employment, resources, mortality, family, health, property

Relieve anxiety and fear

Educate, answer questions

Provide secure environment

Provide order, routine

Love and belonging needs: friendship, family, sexual intimacy

Strive to understand likes and dislikes, concerns

Spend time with individual, avoid hurried or rushed attitude

Support their need to spend time with others, be empathetic, considerate, patient, fair, have a positive attitude

Esteem needs: self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, for others

Focus on strengths and assets

Consider their individual needs and abilities

Be available and approachable, encourage independence and participation

Self-actualization: morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts, ability to meet your own ongoing goals as they change throughout life

Produce connections to real life, allow for self-expression, involve in creative activities and projects

When needs are felt, individuals are motivated to act

If the need is met, satisfaction is obtained

If the need is not met, tension or frustration occurs

Methods of satisfying human needs

Direct methods: hard work, setting realistic goals, situation evaluation, working out the problem, cooperation with others

Work by meeting the need and obtaining satisfaction or success

Indirect methods: defense mechanisms working by reducing the need and alleviating the tension and frustration created by the unmet need (acting out, regression, denial, and isolation are examples)

Defense mechanisms

Unconscious strategies or acts that help a person deal with their own undesirable behavior or feelings— all behavior has a purpose

Everyone uses them at some time

Some are helpful and allow the individual to cope

Can be negative if used in place of more healthy ways of coping

Not always negative unless they interfere with reality— health care workers can provide more efficient and higher quality care



Eriksons:
Growth- refers to physical changes that occur in the body. (height, weight)

Development- functional or behavior changes that occur over time. (Intelligence, social skills, & coping skills)

Physical development- growth of the body including motor sensory adaptation. Monitored by pediatrician.

Psychosocial development- includes both psychological and social. Psychological refers to emotions and attitudes. Social refers to interactions and relationships with society.

Cognitive development- refers to intellectual processes. The ability to think and reason.

Infancy

Birth to 1 year

Trust versus Mistrust

Infants who receive consistent loving care will develop trust while inadequate care leads to mistrust.

Time of big physical changes, muscles and nerves grow quickly. 

Babies start moving objects and making more sounds. 

They need plenty of hugs and cuddles for healthy physical and emotional growth

Healthcare considerations- track growth patterns, provide for safety, and involve parents in care.

Toddler

1- 3 years

Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt

Toddlers develop confidence in their ability to care for themselves (autonomy) when they receive encouragement to explore their environment and take care of themselves.

Learn to move from walking to running, jumping, and climbing. 

Must child-proof their surroundings and keep a close eye on them. 

Their thinking skills improve quickly, but they might get easily distracted.

Healthcare considerations- use games to improve cooperation, give choice when possible, simple explanations of procedures, and set limits.

Preschooler

3- 6 years

Initiative versus Guilt

Preschoolers initiate their own learning by seeking out new experiences and knowledge. If their parents restrict this initiative, a sense of guilt will develop.

Taller and thinner

Self-care skills increase

Continued motor sensory development

Speak well in sentences- can recite the alphabet and their address/ phone number

Developed an awareness of others

Initiate their own learning

Healthcare considerations- explain procedures, tokens of bravery (stickers), and praise good behavior.

School-Age Child

6- 12 years

Industry versus Inferiority

School-age children feel good when they finish projects and get praised for their accomplishments.  If they don’t fit in with peers or meet family expectations, they might feel bad about themselves.

Continued growth of the body

Motor (movement) skills are well-coordinated

Shows more responsibility for tasks

Think more logically

Understand different viewpoints

Focus better

Healthcare considerations- explaining procedures at their level, provide for privacy and personal control, and educate with simple visual aids.

Adolescence

12- 20 years

Identity versus Role Confusion

Confusion about their identities as they move through the transition from child to adult. If adolescents can not determine their identity and direction they will lack a sense of who they are

- role confusion

Physical maturation occurs, mood swings

Fine motor skills improve

Thinking skills greatly improve- start thinking about their future

Try different roles to find themselves

Friends have big impact, but still need trusted adults

Healthcare considerations- explanations with rationale, encourage questions, involved in decision-making process, and provide privacy.

Healthcare considerations- explanations with rationale, encourage questions, involved in decision-making process, and provide privacy.

As young adults, they move from relying on others to taking charge of their lives. This includes forming close relationships, having kids, and pursuing higher education. But fear of committing can lead to feeling alone

Physical function and motor sensory skills peak at 30, then starts to diminish slowly

Optimal cognitive (thinking) functions

At maximum potential

Problem solving skills and creativity are excellent

Healthcare considerations- involve them in the decisions-making process and assess them for stress due to multiple roles and responsibilities of this stage.

Middle Adulthood

40- 65 years

Generativity versus Stagnation

As people get older, they start caring more about the next generation.  They look back on their lives and think about what they have achieved.  If they feel they haven’t make a mark or found their worth, they might feel stuck.

Physical abilities start to decline

Chronic illness begin to appear

Cognitive abilities are still strong but learning may take longer

“Midlife crisis” brought on by recognition of limitations and unmet goals

Healthcare considerations- encourage self-care and lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, improving nutrition, and exercising.

Later Adulthood

65 years until death

Ego Integrity versus Despair

They evaluate the events in their lives and if they feel satisfied they will have a sense of ego integrity (sense of fulfillment and accomplishment).    If they see a string of failures, they might feel sad and hopeless.

Physical/ motor abilities continue to decline

Cognitive abilities vary among individuals

Loss of spouse and friends/ facing their mortality

More people living into 80’s-100’s so late adulthood has been expanded and Erikson’s updated

Many people 65 and older are making major contributions to society

Most rapidly growing part of the population- baby boomers (1946-1964)

Healthcare considerations- encourage self-care and lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, improving nutrition, and exercising.

Healthcare considerations for Later Adulthood:

Young Old (65-74 years)

discuss work plans if still working

if retired, encourage social activity with peers

encourage active learning, thinking and use of memory skills

Middle Old (75-84 years)

explore support systems

provide support for coping with any impairments

need a safe, comfortable environment

be alert to overmedication and sensitivity to meds

encourage them to talk about feelings of loss, grief, and achievement

Old- Old (85 years to death)

encourage independence by providing physical, mental, and social activities

support end-of-life decisions

assist with self-care

involve family members